Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education Languages: English, German, Spanish, and Russian Publication Frequency: Monthly (12 Issues Per Year) Publication format: Online ISSN (E): 2942-9943 ResearchBib: 9.775 IFSIJ JIF: 7.010 Cite Factor Index Copernicus Google Scholar Asian Education Index Mission And Scope Mission - Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education is an electronic journal that provides easy access to scientific research in the field of sports science and physical education. Scope - The main objective of Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education is to unite specialists from different fields, including sport, physical activity, kinesiology, education, health and nutrition, to provide the opportunity for multidisciplinary debates and comprehensive understanding of how physical activity influences human life. Researchers from areas that are related to sport and health are invited to publish their cutting-edge research and its practical applicability. Our target group of expert specialists includes academic researchers, kinesitherapists, physical education and sports teachers, physicians in sports medicine, psychologists, nutritionists, coaches and any other researchers involved in the sports field. Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education aims to act as a stimulus and a dissemination instrument for the research activity of investigators. Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education primarily publishes articles in the following fields: the natural sciences of sport, social and behavioural sciences and humanities, sports management, sports medicine, sports pedagogy and sport itself. The journal also aims to facilitate and enhance communication across all sub-disciplines of the sport sciences. The journal awaits original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications that contain new insight into any aspect of the sport sciences that have not been previously published and are not under consideration for publication elsewhere. The journal covers all aspects of Physical Education and Sport * Didactics, Educational Technologies and Special Pedagogy * Adapted Physical Activity, * Biomechanics, * Combat Sports and Martial Arts, * Comparative PE and Sport * Coaching Science, * Games, * Individual Sports, * Kinanthropometry, * Kinesiology, * Military sports, * Motor Learning and Control, * Neuromotor Psychology, * Philosophy of Sport, * Political Science of Sport, * Sociology of Sport, * Sport and Exercise Physiology, * Sport and Exercise Psychology, * Sport Facilities, * Sport for All, * Sport History, * Sport Information, * Sport Management, * Sport Pedagogy, * Sports Law, * Sports Medicine, ETHICS OF PUBLICATION: The Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education policy regarding suspected scientific misconduct, which includes plagiarism, fabricated data, and falsification, is based on the “Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)”. Our Journal is equipped with licensed software to verify the originality of all submitted articles, and we uphold the principles of originality and ethics of scientific research.
EFFECT IMAGERY TRAINING ON APPLIED TACTICAL DECISION-MAKING OF OFFENSIVE SKILLS AMONGST IRAQIS’ YOUNG BOXING PLAYERS
Current study aim to examine effect imagery training program on taken tactical decision-making of applying offensive skills which among Iraqis’ players. Sample of study involved (32) players non probability . Leven’s test was run to measure homogeneity among players, then divide randomly between experimental group (EG) and controlled groups (CG) based on their weigh in KG, levenes’ test results as no significant for all offensive skills. After eight weeks of applying intervention program, t-test was run to reveal the differences within group and between group. Within group there are a significant differences between perposttest in tactical-decision making of offensive skills of EG. in contrast , no significant differences between per-posttest in CG. Further there are a significant differences between EG and CG in post-test. Study conclude applying imagery training enhance applied offensive skills based on tactical decision-making. Then study recommended imagery training as essential component of training ,since this training improve general decision-making when perform offensive skill
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAL SPORTS IN IMPROVING THE PHYSICAL FITNESS OF GIRLS STUDENTS IN MILITARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
This article scientifically analyzes the role and importance of martial arts in developing the physical fitness of girls studying in military educational institutions. The effectiveness of martial arts training in developing strength, agility, endurance, dexterity and coordination skills is highlighted. During the study, a pedagogical experiment was conducted with the participation of 60 female cadets studying in a military educational institution. Special martial arts exercises were systematically introduced into the training of the experimental group. The results showed that hand-to-hand combat training, along with physical qualities, significantly develops psychological stability, determination, and self-defense skills
THE ROLE OF GYMNASTICS IN THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOL-AGE GIRLS
This article analyzes the role of gymnastic exercises in improving the physical development of school-age girls. In particular, it addresses the development of balance, flexibility, coordination, general agility, and posture through gymnastics-based means. The study involved 100 girls in grades 5–7, and the results showed higher indicators in the experimental group compared to the control group. The article also presents a sample weekly program for organizing gymnastics sessions in a school setting, methodological recommendations, and directions for further research.
THE EFFECT OF AN EDUCATIONAL CURRICULUM BASED ON METACOGNITIVE STRATEGY ON LEARNING DRIBBLING AND SHOOTING SKILLS IN BASKETBALL AMONG STUDENTS
The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of metacognitive strategy on the learning of dribbling and shooting basketball skill
A COMPARATIVE ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE ANTERIOR MUSCLES OF TWO LEGS AFTER ONE OF THEM SUFFERED A TEAR IN THE TWIN MUSCLE OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON A SAMPLE OF SPORTS INJURIES FOR THE APPLICANT CATEGORY
The aim of the study was to identify the strength of electrical activity of the muscles of the front legs when suffering from a twin muscle tear in advanced soccer players, and to determine the differences in comparing the injured leg with a healthy one. The researchers adopted the experimental method with a one-group comparative method. The sample was deliberately selected from the players of Basra Governorate Football Clubs, and consisted of (8) injured players who were homogeneous in physical and training measurements, after excluding (6) players for medical reasons and participating in the reconnaissance experiment. The research was conducted in the Physiotherapy Laboratory at the Faculty of Physical Education - University of Basra, for the period from February 26, 2023 to April 15, 2023. Research tools: French Electrical Muscle Activity Measurement (EMG), Gel Testing Humidifier, Height Measurement Restameter, and Medical Scale. Statistical methods: Data were processed by statistical package (SPSS) using arithmetic media, standard deviations, coefficient of difference, and T-test for independent samples. The most important conclusions are that there are significant differences in the strength of electrical activity of the muscles of the front legs between the injured and healthy legs and in favor of the healthy leg. The rupture of the twin muscle leads to a sharp decline and a significant loss of the efficiency of the muscular electrical activity of the affected leg compared to the healthy one as a result of muscle destruction and impaired neuromotor function. The EMG device has proven high accuracy and outstanding laboratory diagnostic capability in determining the level of injury severity and accurately comparing changes. The most important recommendations: the need to rely on accurate laboratory tests such as an EMG device to determine the extent of the muscle damage, and not to allow players to return to the stadiums without integrated rehabilitation based on scientific foundations to avoid the tear turning into a chronic injury.
THE EFFECT OF SPECIAL EXERCISES ON THE REHABILITATION OF QUADRICEPS (ANTERIOR) HIP TEAR INJURY IN PLAYERS OF MISAN GOVERNORATE FOOTBALL CLUBS
The research encapsulates the exploration of sports activities that engender enjoyment and exhilaration, highlighting the significant advancement of sports within Misan clubs. Notably, football occupies a prominent position due to its widespread popularity and the individual and collective skills it embodies, alongside the display of talent, creativity, and suspense it fosters. This prominence is further underscored by the local and international significance of these activities, as well as the intense competition and direct engagement among players. This research aimed to develop specialised exercises for the rehabilitation of athletes with quadriceps muscle tears from Misan football clubs. The significance of the study lies in assessing the efficacy of these targeted exercises on the injury, while also offering valuable insights to professionals in Misan clubs and rehabilitation centers. The researchers sought to address this issue and derive meaningful conclusions. Positive research may aid in identifying the optimal rehabilitation strategy for quadriceps injuries, thereby facilitating further investigations into other prevalent injuries among football players. This study employs an experimental method with pre- and post-measurements conducted on a sample of clubs in Misan governorate, comprising twelve (12) injured players, of whom six (6) constitute the experimental group, while the remaining six (6) serve as the control group. The researchers demonstrated statistically significant differences between the premeasurements and post-measurements of the experimental group for the restoration of quadriceps muscle efficiency, favouring telemetry. The findings indicated no statistically significant differences between the pre-measurement and post-measurement of the control group receiving standard treatment
THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL-SKILL EXERCISES ACCORDING TO TARGETED TIMES ON DEVELOPING EXPLOSIVE POWER, STRENGTH-SPEED FOR THE LEGS, AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS FOR SERVING AND SPIKING SKILLS AMONG VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
The research aimed to: prepare special physical exercises according to targeted times for volleyball players, identify the effect of these exercises on developing the explosive power and strength-speed of the legs, alongside some biochemical indicators for the serving and spiking skills in volleyball, and identify the differences between the control and experimental groups in explosive power, strength-speed of the legs, and some biochemical indicators for the serving and spiking skills. The researchers hypothesized that there are no statistically significant differences between the pre-tests and post-tests in explosive power, strength-speed, and some biochemical indicators for the serving and spiking skills, and that there are no statistically significant differences between the post-tests in explosive power, strength-speed, and some biochemical indicators. The researchers adopted the experimental approach using the equivalent groups design with pre-tests and posttests. The research sample consisted of (32) players from the specialized volleyball school, and the researchers distributed them equally into a control group and an experimental group, each consisting of (16) players. The researchers prepared physical exercises according to targeted times for the experimental group, as the implementation of the curriculum began on October 25, 2024, and continued for (8) weeks, with two training units per week, equivalent to 16 training units. The researchers concluded: The exercises prepared by them have a positive impact on developing the explosive power and strength-speed among volleyball players, and the prepared exercises have a positive impact on developing some biochemical indicators for the serving and spiking skills. Accordingly, the researchers recommended the necessity of using the exercises they prepared in the game of volleyball, and adopting the utilized exercises in various sports games and events.
THE EFFECT OF USING THE MERRILL MODEL ON DEVELOPING SOME BASIC VOLLEYBALL SKILLS AMONG THIRD-YEAR FEMALE STUDENTS-A RESEARCH SUBMITTED BY THE RESEARCHER
The study sought to determine the level of basic skills among students of the College of Education / Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Mustansiriyah University. It also aimed to design exercises based on the Merrill Model for learning selected fundamental volleyball skills among students of the same department and university. In addition, the research attempted to identify the level of skill acquisition achieved through the Merrill Model in learning certain basic volleyball skills among those students. Since addressing the research problem is closely related to the methodology employed, the researcher adopted the experimental approach. The research population and sample were represented through an experimental design involving two groups: an experimental group and a control group. Each group included (10) female students from Section (A), third stage, selected randomly. Accordingly, the experimental group (Merrill Model) consisted of (10) female students, while the control group also consisted of (10) female students. The researcher also carried out pilot experiments on (5) third-stage female students from the College of Education / Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Mustansiriyah University from the same section but outside the primary research sample. The proportion of the sample in relation to the original population reached
Assistant Lecturer Rasha Naji Abdulwahab Mohammed Salih
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR DESIGNING AN ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION MODEL IN AN INTEGRATIVE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT
This article examines the theoretical foundations for designing an alternative education model within an integrative digital environment. The relevance of the topic is determined by the rapid transformation of education under the influence of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, online learning platforms, open educational resources, adaptive systems, and flexible learning trajectories. Traditional education models, based mainly on fixed curricula, uniform teaching methods, and classroom-centered instruction, are no longer sufficient to meet the needs of diverse learners. Therefore, alternative education models should be developed on the basis of learner-centeredness, flexibility, inclusiveness, digital competence, collaboration, personalization, and lifelong learning. The article analyzes constructivism, connectivism, competency-based education, blended learning theory, universal design for learning, and human-centered digital pedagogy as key theoretical foundations. The study proposes a conceptual structure for an alternative education model that integrates digital tools, pedagogical innovation, individual learning pathways, formative assessment, and teacher facilitation. The findings show that an integrative digital environment can increase educational accessibility, learner autonomy, motivation, creativity, and practical competence if it is designed systematically and ethically
FORMATION OF TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL PREPAREDNESS OF STUDENTS IN VOLLEYBALL CLASSES THROUGH GAME-BASED EXERCISES
The article examines the formation of students’ technical and tactical preparedness in volleyball classes through the systematic use of game-based exercises. In pedagogical higher education, volleyball is not only a means of physical development, but also an effective educational tool for improving coordination, teamwork, quick decision-making, communicative interaction and competitive thinking. The study emphasizes that technical skills such as serving, passing, setting, attacking, blocking and defensive actions become more stable and practically applicable when they are developed in conditions close to real game situations. Game-based exercises help students master tactical thinking, positional movement, cooperation in attack and defense, and the ability to respond flexibly to changing match conditions. The article substantiates the importance of organizing volleyball lessons on the basis of gradual complication, situational modeling, team interaction and reflective analysis. The proposed approach contributes to the improvement of students’ motor activity, sports motivation, methodological competence and readiness to apply volleyball exercises in future pedagogical practice
DEVELOPMENT OF EXPLOSIVE POWER USING WEIGHTS IN A HIERARCHICAL MANNER AND ITS EFFECT ON IMPROVING THE VALUES OF SOME BIOKINEMATIC VARIABLES AND THE TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE LONG JUMP
The aim was to identify the effect of using weight training in the up-and-down method on the development of explosive power in the student. Identifying the effect of explosive power development using weight training in the up-and-down method in improving some biokinematic variables of the long jump for students for the research sample, as for the hypothesis of the study, the researcher imposed the use of weight training in the up-and-down method that positively affects the development of explosive power in the student., The research population was identified with the students of the first stage of Division (1) of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Maysan University for the season 2025, which are (15) students. As for the recommendations that the researcher came out with, the need to conduct similar studies and researches on other jumping events, using different training methods or using devices such as the strength platform for both genders, if the researcher concludes that weight training in a hierarchical way leads to the development of explosive power, the development of explosive power leads to the improvement of some biokinematic variables of the effectiveness, the development of explosive power through weight training in a hierarchical way leads to the improvement of the technical performance of the event.
THE IMPACT OF A STRATEGY BASED ON TRIINTELLIGENCE ON GENERATIVE THINKING AND THE ACQUISITION OF VOLLEYBALL SETTING AND SPIKING SKILLS AMONG STUDENTS
The study aimed to identify the level of (creative thinking—preparation—presentation) among the research sample. It also aimed to develop instructional units based on a strategy grounded in tri-intelligent thinking for creative thinking and the learning of setting and serving skills among the research sample, and to identify the impact of a strategy grounded in tri-intelligent thinking on creative thinking and the learning of setting and serving skills in volleyball among the research sample. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in creative thinking and the learning of setting and spiking skills in volleyball for university students, The researcher also hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the post-test results in creative thinking and the learning of setting and serving skills in volleyball among university students. The researcher employed an experimental approach using a design with experimental and control groups of equal size, each undergoing pre- and posttests. The research sample was selected using a purposive sampling method, consisting of second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Farahidi University for the academic year (2026), totaling 120 students distributed across seven sections, with 20 students in each section. Students were selected from Sections B and E at random via a lottery, The creative thinking test was administered to the research sample in the classroom, in addition to the skill tests consisting of volleyball serving and setting tests in the college’s indoor court. The results were compiled and statistically analyzed, and the researcher reached a set of conclusions, the most notable of which was the clear superiority of the strategy based on the clearly outperformed the method used to develop cognitive abilities specifically creative thinking and the skills of setting and serving among the research sample. In light of these findings, the researcher recommends adopting the tri-intelligence strategy as a core curriculum for teaching volleyball skills to students in physical education and sports science colleges.
ORGANIZATIONAL BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MASS SPORTS IN MODERN UZBEKISTAN
The article discusses issues related to the systematic organization and management of mass sports and recreational activities on an ongoing basis, aimed at creating a healthy lifestyle in society and attracting wide sections of the population, especially youth, to physical education and sports
CONSTRUCTING A BASKETBALL SHOOTING ACCURACY TEST UNDER PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PRESSURE FOR FIRST DIVISION CLUB PLAYERS IN AL-ANBAR PROVINCE
This study aimed to construct a test designed to measure shooting accuracy in basketball under conditions of physical and psychological pressure. The research population consisted of 84 players representing first-division clubs in Al-Anbar province. The test was developed and applied to the research sample following established scientific principles of test construction. The findings indicated that the test effectively reflected real match conditions. Based on these results, the researchers recommended designing and preparing similar tests for other skills within basketball as well as in other sports
Shooting accuracy test, Basketball, Test construction, Physical and psychological pressure, Psychological and physical measurement
THE IMPACT OF AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM BASED ON PERFORMING SKILLFUL EXERCISES WITH GRADUAL DIFFICULTY TO IMPROVE CHEST PASS AND BOUNCE PASS SKILLS IN BASKETBALL FOR MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS
The development of motor learning speeds up the execution and enhances accuracy of the tasks. It enables one to recall the motor programmer faster. Fundamentally tasks should be slowly progressed from easy to difficult in an exercise
UPDATING CURRICULA IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS THE PATH TOWARDS ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Education is considered one of the most important achievements that citizens can acquire to succeed in life, and it is a fundamental requirement for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Therefore, most higher education institutions have paid considerable attention to updating curricula due to its positive impacts, which include elevating and advancing societies.
Educational Matters, Learning Environment
FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS
Mazkur maqolada bo’lajak jismoniy madaniyat o’qituvchilarining kasbiy tayyorgarligini rivojlantirish, ularning o’quv faoliyatini shakllantirish texnologiyasi, ularda bilim, ko’nikma, malakalarni shakllantirib, pedogogik kompetentsiyani hosil qilish yo’llari haqida ochib beriladi.
THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING ENDURANCE IN STUDENTS
Chidamlilik shunday fazilatki, u qiyinchilik bilan tarbiyalanadi, yo’qotish esa oson. Chidamlilikni tarbiyalayotgan organizmda o’tayotgan bir necha jarayonni ajratish mumkin: Chidamlilik jismoniy harakat sifati bo’lib, odam organizmining uzoq vaqt davomida mushaklar ishini faol bajarilishida toliqishni yengish qobiliyatidir. Chidamlilik sifati ikki xil bo’ladi, umumiy va maxsus. Umumiy chidamliliik - organizmning uzoq vaqt davomida har qanday mushaklarning ish bajarganida charchoqni yengish qobiliyatiga aytiladi. Maxsus chidamlilik - jismoniy mashqlar yoki sport turlarining biriga xos bo’lgan mushaklar ishi uzoq vaqt davomida bajarilganda charchoqni yengish bilan belgilanadi.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN FORMING LEARNING MOTIVATION IN PRIMARY STUDENTS
Ushbu maqolada boshlang‘ich sing o‘quvchilarida o‘quv motivlarining shakllanish muammosi yoritilgan. Shuningdek, boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarining boshqa psixologik xususiyatlari va irodaviy sifatlarining tarkib toppish muammolari va ularning motivatsiya shakllanishiga ko‘rsatuvchi ta’sirlari muhokama etilgan
INDIVIDUAL-TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AS A FACTOR OF YOUNG ATHLETES' ADAPTATION TO SPORTS ACTIVITY
Ushbu maqolada yosh sportchilarning sport faoliyatiga moslashuvida ijtimoiy omillar va eng asosiysi uning individual o’ziga xosligi muhim ahamiyat kasb etishi yoritib o’tilgani.
CONTRIBUTION PERCENTAGES OF SOME FUNCTIONAL VARIABLES AS AN INDICATOR OF MUSCLE DAMAGE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE 100-METER FREESTYLE
The study aimed to identify functional variables indicative of muscle damage and to determine the contribution percentages of specific functional variables to performance in the 100-meter freestyle event, as well as to examine the relationships among these functional variables concerning the 100-meter freestyle run. The researcher utilized descriptive survey and correlational methodologies to correspond with the characteristics of the problem being examined. The study population consisted of eight individuals from the 100m junior category runners in Misan Governorate for the 2025 sports season. The study sample consisted of six runners, with two excluded due to injury, representing 75% of the research population. The researchers came to a number of important conclusions. After the juniors ran the 100-meter freestyle race, which was very hard on their bodies, their levels of functional variables went up a lot. This indicates that the traits of quick performance and explosive contractions lead to significant acute muscle damage. Moreover, there exist significant correlations between indicators of muscle damage and performance outcomes, suggesting that the increase of these variables following exertion is associated with a reduction in performance levels, thereby confirming the adverse effects of muscle strain on achievement. The main suggestions were to carefully grade the training loads for juniors to avoid muscle damage that could slow down their physical growth and future performance, and to make recovery a priority after effort, since damage levels go up a lot after speed competitions.
DETERMINING THE EFFICIENCY OF 13-YEAR-OLD FOOTBALLERS' SHOTS ON GOAL IN TRAINING AND COMPETITIONS
The article analyzes the shots taken by 13-year-old football players during training and competitions, determines their effectiveness, and provides recommendations for eliminating shortcomings.
THE EFFECT OF THE BLENDED LEARNING STRATEGY ON LEARNING THE SKILLS OF REBOUND HANDLING AND SCORING FROM STABILITY IN BASKETBALL
The study aims to identify the effect of the blended learning strategy on learning the two handling skills Rebounding and scoring in basketball, and the research sample consisted of first year female students in the department Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Maarif University College. The study adopted the experimental method. Due to its suitability and the nature of the problem, the statistical package (SPSS) is used to process the data statistically. The researchers concluded that the blended learning strategy has a positive impact on learning the skills of rebound handling and scoring from a standstill in basketball. The researchers recommend using strategies that give traditional education and e-learning a boost for both secondary school and university to add excitement, spread cooperative spirit, and break out of the traditional pattern of learning the basic skills for all games
THE IMPORTANCE OF INDIVIDUAL APPROACH AND DIFFERENTIATED METHODS IN THE EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATION OF RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS TRAINING SESSIONS
This article examines the scientific and practical significance of an individual approach and differentiated methods in organizing rhythmic gymnastics training sessions. The study, based on a pedagogical experiment, analyzed indicators of athletes’ physical and technical preparedness. The results demonstrated that the use of an individual approach significantly improves flexibility, coordination, jumping ability, and rhythm perception. Furthermore, differentiated methods contribute to optimizing the training process, reducing overload, and increasing athletes’ motivation
THE IMPACT OF INDIVIDUALIZED TRAINING PROGRAMS ON PERFORMANCE DEVELOPMENT IN YOUNG TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETES
In recent years, the development of young athletes in track and field has become a central focus of sports science, particularly in the context of optimizing training processes and enhancing performance outcomes. Modern athletics requires not only high physical preparedness but also the implementation of scientifically grounded training methodologies that take into account the individual characteristics of athletes. In this regard, individualized training programs are increasingly recognized as a key factor in improving athletic performance and ensuring long-term athlete development. The relevance of this study is обусловлена the growing need to design training systems that correspond to the biological, physiological, and psychological особенностям young athletes. Traditional “one-size-fits-all” training approaches often fail to consider significant inter-individual differences in growth, maturation, and adaptation to нагрузка, which can lead to suboptimal performance outcomes and increased risk of injury. Contemporary research emphasizes that youth athletes exhibit substantial variability in developmental trajectories, and therefore require tailored training interventions aligned with their individual capacities and needs
THE PROBLEM OF HYPODYNAMIC IN THE HUMAN ORGANISM AND THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION HYGIENE
Hypodynamia is a condition associated with a decrease in motor activity, which has a negative effect on the human body. Disorders of the cardiovascular system, increased blood pressure, metabolic changes and other pathologies are the main negative consequences of hypodynamia. This article analyzes the importance of physical education hygiene, its role in the prevention of these diseases and the results of scientific research.
THE EFFECT OF DESIGNING TRAINING UNITS ACCORDING TO PHYSICAL LOAD VARIABLES ON MYELOPEROXIDASE (MPO) ACTIVITY RELATED TO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF MUSCULAR PERFORMANCE IN GYMNASTICS ATHLETES
The current study aimed to design a proposed training program based on the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) as an indicator of physiological response in muscle performance for gymnasts, as well as to highlight the importance of the program in improving muscular and technical performance. The sample included (14) players from the Iraqi national junior gymnastics team. The experimental method was employed using a pre- and post-test design for one experimental group. The proposed training program lasted eight weeks, integrating continuous aerobic exercises and high-intensity intervals, with training intensity monitored according to HRmax. The results showed a significant improvement in MPO activity, aerobic capacity (VO₂ Max), lactate threshold, and performance of motor routines. The findings indicate that the proposed training units had a positive effect on muscular and physiological efficiency of the athletes.
IMPACT OF HAND-TO-HAND COMBAT READINESS ON SENSOMOTOR REACTION AND COGNITIVE DECISION-MAKING RATE
This scientific study is devoted to the study of the impact of hand-to-hand combat readiness on sensomotor reaction rates as well as cognitive decision-making processes. During the study, experimental and control groups were formed, in which, with the help of special tests, indicators of reaction and decision-making were evaluated. In particular, cognitive processes have been analyzed through simple and selective reaction time, as well as Stroop and Go/No-Go tests
A SYSTEMIC APPROACH WITHIN THE PEDAGOGICAL SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of applying a systems approach in the teaching of physical education. It reveals the essence of the systems approach as a methodological foundation of pedagogical activity and analyzes the structural components of the pedagogical system and their interrelations. Special attention is given to the practical implementation of the systems approach in physical education classes, including the development of motor skills, the enhancement of physical qualities, and the motivation of students. The provided examples demonstrate the effectiveness of a systematically organized learning process. It is concluded that the systems approach contributes to improving the quality of education, fostering students’ personal development, and optimizing the educational process.
PHYSICAL REHABILITATION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF ADAPTIVE PHYSICAL CULTURE
The article examines physical rehabilitation within the framework of adaptive physical culture as a crucial means of restoring motor functions in individuals with disabilities and health limitations. The physiological foundations of motor rehabilitation are revealed, along with the main goals, stages, principles, methods, and means of restoring impaired movements. Special attention is given to the role of the adaptive physical culture specialist in the rehabilitation process, as well as to the expected outcomes of implementing rehabilitation programs. The comprehensive nature of adaptive physical culture is emphasized, as it is aimed not only at physical recovery but also at social integration and improvement of the quality of life of participants.