Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education Languages: English, German, Spanish, and Russian Publication Frequency: Monthly (12 Issues Per Year) Publication format: Online ISSN (E): 2942-9943 ResearchBib: 9.775 IFSIJ JIF: 7.010 Cite Factor Index Copernicus Google Scholar Mission And Scope Mission - Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education is an electronic journal that provides easy access to scientific research in the field of sports science and physical education. Scope - The main objective of Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education is to unite specialists from different fields, including sport, physical activity, kinesiology, education, health and nutrition, to provide the opportunity for multidisciplinary debates and comprehensive understanding of how physical activity influences human life. Researchers from areas that are related to sport and health are invited to publish their cutting-edge research and its practical applicability. Our target group of expert specialists includes academic researchers, kinesitherapists, physical education and sports teachers, physicians in sports medicine, psychologists, nutritionists, coaches and any other researchers involved in the sports field. Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education aims to act as a stimulus and a dissemination instrument for the research activity of investigators. Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education primarily publishes articles in the following fields: the natural sciences of sport, social and behavioural sciences and humanities, sports management, sports medicine, sports pedagogy and sport itself. The journal also aims to facilitate and enhance communication across all sub-disciplines of the sport sciences. The journal awaits original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications that contain new insight into any aspect of the sport sciences that have not been previously published and are not under consideration for publication elsewhere. The journal covers all aspects of Physical Education and Sport * Didactics, Educational Technologies and Special Pedagogy * Adapted Physical Activity, * Biomechanics, * Combat Sports and Martial Arts, * Comparative PE and Sport * Coaching Science, * Games, * Individual Sports, * Kinanthropometry, * Kinesiology, * Military sports, * Motor Learning and Control, * Neuromotor Psychology, * Philosophy of Sport, * Political Science of Sport, * Sociology of Sport, * Sport and Exercise Physiology, * Sport and Exercise Psychology, * Sport Facilities, * Sport for All, * Sport History, * Sport Information, * Sport Management, * Sport Pedagogy, * Sports Law, * Sports Medicine, ETHICS OF PUBLICATION: The Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education policy regarding suspected scientific misconduct, which includes plagiarism, fabricated data, and falsification, is based on the “Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)”. Our Journal is equipped with licensed software to verify the originality of all submitted articles, and we uphold the principles of originality and ethics of scientific research.
THE ROLE OF CREATIVE ABILITIES IN THE JOB PERFORMANCE OF OFFICIALS OF STUDENT ACTIVITIES DIVISIONS
The research sought to ascertain the presence of creative abilities among student activities officials and their impact on performance. The study employed a descriptive approach utilising a survey method, targeting officials from the student activities divisions. A questionnaire was developed to gather essential data, which was distributed to a sample of 108 participants. The SPSS program was utilised to derive significant insights and indicators that align with the research objective. The researcher determined that the creative personality possesses distinctive abilities to a moderate extent. Student activities officials possess elements of effective performance, including professional skills, technical and managerial knowledge, and a comprehensive understanding of job requirements and related fields. Performance is regulated by controls that embody standards of quality. Assessing job performance in universities is routinely conducted without benefit to the officials in student activities and the ministry alike. The researcher advocates for the establishment of a management system for a creativity incubator and the formulation of a strategy grounded in precise criteria for identifying creators and talents. Implement decentralisation and delegation of authority, encourage subordinate participation in decision-making, and enhance the incentive system based on professional standards that prioritise excellence and creativity in performance. Recognise innovators and revise the evaluation system to incorporate objective assessment criteria.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN THE CIVILIZATIONS OF SUMER BABYLON AND ASSYRIA-AN ANALYTICAL STUDY IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAN EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT
This research examines the intellectual and educational principles that shaped the concept of physical education in the civilizations of Sumer Babylon and Assyria as the earliest human attempts to achieve harmony between the body the mind and the spirit within an integrated educational system that aimed to build a balanced individual in strength character and moral awareness The study seeks to uncover the philosophical and social ideas that influenced physical practices in Mesopotamia by analyzing cuneiform writings royal inscriptions and archaeological findings that carry symbolic and ritual meanings related to movement and education The descriptive analytical method was used to compare the forms of physical activity found in these three civilizations and to connect them with modern concepts of education through a historical perspective The findings reveal that ancient Mesopotamian thought did not treat physical activity as entertainment but as a formative process for developing discipline loyalty and readiness for service to the community while enhancing the sense of unity and belonging The research concludes that physical education was an essential part of a wider cultural and religious framework that linked obedience strength and cooperation It recommends revisiting the Mesopotamian heritage of physical education and applying its principles in the training of teachers and coaches as this legacy represents a deep cultural foundation for understanding the evolution of human educational thought in its moral physical and social dimensions
RATIONING A HEALTHY BREATHING TEST TO ASSESS FORCED AND VITAL EXHALATION AT DIFFERENT MOTOR CONDITIONS ON HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS FROM SPORTS SCHOOLS
Testing, the test and measurement of a renewed nature, including healthy breathing to suit the local environment, and verification of the reliability of healthy breathing tests for forced and vital exhalation, with the development of criteria evaluated by different motor conditions for some healthy volunteers from sports schools, and tests were designed and presented to experts to obtain virtual honesty as well as the sincerity of the hypothetical composition, and then discriminatory honesty was conducted as indicators of the validity of the test, After that, the test was adopted and re-tested in order to find stability with the objectivity of measurement to use the means of recording with electronic technology to achieve the construction of the test, and the researchers extracted a sequential standard degree that explains the raw degree of the sample to be codified test, concluding that the healthy breathing test for vital exhalation has the scientific foundations of honesty, stability and objectivity with high degrees and less than a healthy breathing test for forced exhalation with a standard standard in evaluating levels, He recommended the adoption of scientifically designed and standardized tests with the adoption of its standards in the local environment and the attempt to conduct similar studies for other samples and review the reliability of the forced healthy breathing test.
THE HISTORICAL INFLUENCE OF EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS
This study aims to analyze the dialectical relationship between educational thought and the development of physical education in schools from a historical and comparative philosophical perspective. The research adopts a historical-analytical methodology supported by critical literature in educational philosophy and addresses how the content of physical education has been shaped by shifts in societal values and educational systems. The findings reveal that physical education has never been neutral or autonomous but has consistently mirrored dominant ideologies ranging from the idealism of Plato and Aristotle to Rousseau’s natural freedom then Dewey’s pragmatism and finally the emancipatory visions of Freire. The study highlights the transformation of physical education from a tool of discipline and control into a means of empowerment and self-expression especially within contemporary democratic and pluralistic contexts. It recommends reframing physical education within the modern educational curriculum as a fundamental domain for shaping the holistic human being in body thought and values in alignment with the demands of social justice and inclusive education
BODY MASS INDEX AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PERFORMANCE IN THE SNATCH LIFT AMONG FEMALE WEIGHTLIFTERS OF THE IRAQI NATIONAL WEIGHTLIFTING TEAM
Interest in different physical capacities and health variables on sports performance has increased due to its importance of improving or diminishing athlete's performances. Body fitness of an athlete: Body fitness of an athlete’s represents a person's encounter and proficiency in using a part or whole body for expressing sensation, performing motion, creating, or transforming physical activity. This extends to many physical and motor abilities. The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a well-established measure of body composition that derives the ratio 'height in cm/weight in kg' for an individual to express its body mass. It may be used as a convenient and useful tool for sports and health professionals in assessing weight status of individuals, along with associated health consequences or risks by looking at the relative risk of diseases compared to normal weight ranges.
Assistant Professor Saud Abdulghani Majeed Karim
EFFECTS OF IMPULSE-ORIENTED EXPLOSIVE EXERCISES FOR ARMS AND LEGS ON BIOMECHANICAL EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES IN U-20 JAVELIN THROWERS
The results of the javelin world championships witnessed a remarkable improvement in the level of digital achievement by young throwers. This improvement is attributed to the development of throwers' special physical capabilities. Various training methods have been used in order to compete to get the farthest distance possible in this event. Therefore, this study was conceived to prepare explosive power exercises according to the principle of impulse and its effect on some biomechanical variables and the achievement of the youthlevel javelin throw. We prepared these exercises and applied those to (8) U-20 throwers of the Iraqi Athletics Federation. The researcherstests measured some biomechanical variables, which run as follows: the strength of the driving leg; the strength of the propelling leg; the impulse time of both the driving leg and the propelling leg; the force exerted by the throwing arm; the starting speed; the angle of performance; and the distance of achievement, The research problem was that the exercises used did not take a number of things into account. These include many variables in addition to what the athlete needs from explosive power exercises according to the principle of impulse in order to achieve appropriate technical performance, which is directly reflected on this achievement. The result shows noticeable development in the values of the measured biomechanical variables as well as achievement
THE EFFECT OF THE R.E.A.C.T. STRATEGY ON COGNITIVE ACHIEVEMENT AND LEARNING OF THE ROLLING AND HANDLING SKILLS OF FUTSAL FOR FEMALE STUDENTS
The issue of indoor football has been the subject of recent studies and research that address the practical pedagogical aspects of contemporary instruction. In order to help the female students reach a higher level of knowledge and competence, as well as the ability to roll and handle a basic indoor football, the researcher attempted to explore this experiment utilizing a variety of media during the class. The goal was to create instructional materials based on the R.E.A.C.T. technique to help fourth-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences improve their cognitive abilities as well as their ability to roll and handle an indoor football
The Effect of Using Special Gloves on the Accuracy of Volleyball Slamming and Smashing Skills
It is well known that the skills of setting up and smashing can be developed in several ways and means, whether these means are educational or training. Hence, the idea of research crystallized using some training methods with special gloves to develop the accuracy of the skills of setting up and smashing, which constitute the team's contribution in responding to the dominance of the opposing team and preparing for the attack to carry out crushing blows. Hence, the importance of researching the effect of using special gloves on the accuracy of the skills of setting up and smashing. the opposing team and preparing for the attack to perform smashes. Hence, the importance of the research on the effect of using special gloves on the accuracy of serving and smashing skills in volleyball. Through her observations and experience in the field of sports and her work in the physical education department, the researcher noticed a decline in the level of skill accuracy among the college team, especially in the skills of setting and spiking, and a failure to achieve the best and ideal attack during play. This prompted the researcher to try to identify the effect of using special gloves on improving the level of performance in setting and spiking skills in volleyball.
Assistant Professor Diana Hussein Abdul Karim
CONSTRUCTING AND STANDARDIZING A SCALE OF GENERAL AND LOBAR BRAIN DOMINANCE TO ASSESS ITS CONTRIBUTION TO ATTENTIONAL ABILITIES AMONG FUTSAL REFEREES IN IRAQ
This research aims to construct and standardize a scale for general and lobar brain dominance to assess its contribution to the attentional abilities of futsal referees in Iraq. The developed scale is grounded in a review of existing literature and specifically targets the attentional capabilities required for futsal officiating. A descriptive research design was employed, using an intentional selection approach for the study population and a random selection for the sample. The total sample consisted of 225 subjects, with 135 designated for reliability analysis and 90 for standardization. The scale demonstrated a high degree of reliability as determined by expert consensus, with reliability coefficients of 0.80, 0.866, and 0.933. The final scale consists of 46 items. The scale’s contribution to attentional abilities was significant at the p < 0.05 level, with specific contributions to attention shifting (0.469), attention distribution (0.656), and attention focus (0.698). The findings confirm that the scale meets the scientific requirements for assessing whole-brain dominance. Furthermore, the observed relationship between brain dominance and the referees' attentional abilities is logically and scientifically supported. In conclusion, the researchers successfully constructed and standardized a valid and reliable scale tailored to the study sample. The findings reveal varying degrees of brain dominance contributions to the attentional abilities of the sample. Based on these results, the researchers recommend increased attention to studies on brain dominance and attentional abilities, given their critical role for futsal referees. Future research is suggested to replicate this study with different samples and variables to further enhance the general and individual performance of referees
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF WRESTLING
Brief information about the types of wrestling and their development and progress
DESIGN OF A PASSING ACCURACY TEST UNDER PHYSICAL STRESS FOR ADVANCED SOCCER PLAYERS
The major goal of this research is to create a demanding field test that uses match-like physical stress conditions to assess the passing accuracy of professional football players. Fifteen players, ranging in age from eighteen to twenty-five, who had been coaching for Premier League clubs for a minimum of five years were part of the descriptive methodological research. A test was developed to guarantee a series of accurate passes to predefined objectives after subjects underwent varying degrees of physical exertion. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the candidate's passing accuracy inside a game-like simulation. We made sure the test was reliable and genuine by having a panel of professionals evaluate it. To establish reproducibility, we tested the same sample twice, each time spaced two weeks apart. The results demonstrated the reliability of the test with a statistically significant correlation coefficient. Physical pressure drastically decreases passing accuracy, according to the results, and certain places worked better than others. The research suggests that this test might be used as a realistic and objective way to evaluate passing accuracy while physically exerted. Athletes may also utilise it to monitor their technical performance as they go through training and for sports selection purposes. In future versions of the exam, researchers recommend include more realistic passing situations and comparing results across different skill levels and age groups.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DYNAMIC KINETIC BALANCE AND THE ACCURACY OF SHORT PASSING IN FEMALE FUTSAL PLAYERS
Futsal is a sport that requires a high level of technical skill, particularly in short and accurate passing, which is heavily reliant on dynamic kinetic balance. This research aims to study the relationship between dynamic kinetic balance and the accuracy of short passing in futsal. It seeks to determine the extent to which improving dynamic kinetic balance impacts the accuracy of short passes and ball control. This research contributes to: enhancing the technical performance of futsal players; shedding light on the kinetic factors that influence short passing accuracy; and assisting coaches in designing training programs to improve dynamic kinetic balance. Based on field observations of the performance of female players from Al-Zawraa Futsal Club, the researchers noted a clear deficiency in the execution of short passing among most players, despite the great importance of this skill in futsal. The researchers attributed this weakness to a deficit in the physical quality of dynamic kinetic balance, which is a vital physical attribute that directly affects skillful performance. From this perspective, the research aimed to uncover the relationship between dynamic kinetic balance and the accuracy of short passing performance in futsal. Hypothesis: The research hypothesis was that there is a statistically significant relationship between dynamic kinetic balance and the accuracy of short passing. The researchers found a correlation between these two variables. Based on these findings, the researchers recommended focusing on developing dynamic kinetic balance in players through training programs that enhance fundamental futsal skills, due to its positive impact on improving short passing accuracy
METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING TECHNICAL MOVEMENTS OF YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS BASED ON KINEMATIC INDICATORS
The methodology for the development of technical actions of young players on the basis of kinematic indicators consists of complex processes that require comprehensive thinking and regular work. In order to succeed in the game of football, it is necessary not only to have physical strength and endurance, but also to perform actions in an optimal way, that is, technical skill is also at the highest level. From this point of view, kinematics – an approach based on the science of studying the character, methods and parameters of actions-makes it possible to further study and analyze the technical actions of players. This methodology provides the basis for the effective execution of actions in young players, helps to identify and eliminate their individual mistakes, and serves to develop training aimed at improving technical performance
APPLICATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN ANALYSIS OF BIOMECHANICAL MOVEMENTS OF SWIMMERS
The article presents the theoretical and practical foundations of using modern digital technologies in the biomechanical analysis of swimmers. The main objective of the study is to evaluate swimming technique accuracy, efficiency, and energy economy through objective digital monitoring systems. The research used tools such as video analysis, 3D motion tracking, AI Motion Tracker, and smartwatches (Garmin Swim 2) to measure technical and physiological parameters. The obtained results allowed for the creation of individual biomechanical profiles and precise performance diagnostics for each swimmer. Analysis revealed that professional swimmers demonstrated shoulder rotation angles between 145°–156°, stroke length of 2.15–2.25 m, and SWOLF index values between 66–70, indicating high technical proficiency. Amateur swimmers showed shorter stroke length and higher stroke rate, which reduced energy efficiency. Artificial intelligencebased trajectory analysis identified technical errors with 94% accuracy. A strong negative correlation (r = – 0.78) was found between heart rate (HR) and stroke length (SL), confirming that higher technical proficiency reduces physiological strain. The study concludes that digital technologies provide a powerful framework for integrated biomechanical, physiological, and technical analysis in swimming. Implementing such systems in Uzbekistan can significantly improve training quality, digitize swimming sports, and enhance athletes' competitiveness at the international level.
THE PROPOSED MARKETING DEPARTMENT FOR MISAN OLYMPIC STADIUM
The globe is seeing progress in investment and sports marketing, supported by considerable research in investment and commercial propositions. The phrase refers to the need of doing research on a marketing proposition for Misan Olympic Stadium. Marketing Olympic Marketing Arena Definition of Marketing: Distribution and Services in Marketing Research Methodologies Initially: The researcher used a descriptive technique. Utilising the survey methodology. Direct: the research community and the research cohort: The study community included a random selection of 48, derived from a direct selection of 37. The first recommendations: Initial evaluations: Announcing the offerings of Misan Olympic Stadium. The General Department of Marketing constitutes the administrative organisational framework of Basra Sports City. Implementing job descriptions for administrative positions and incorporating them into the organisational framework
THE EFFECT OF HAND-TO-HAND EXCHANGE TRAINING ON DEVELOPING BACKHAND ACCURACY AMONG JUNIOR TABLE TENNIS PLAYERS
The study aims to identify the effect of using reciprocal training on developing backhand accuracy among junior table tennis players. The importance of this study stems from the need to develop the skill performance of junior players, especially in the formative stages, as the backhand is considered one of the most important basic skills in table tennis. The researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The sample included (20) junior players aged (12-14) years, who were randomly selected from a club in Baghdad Governorate. The sample was divided into two equal groups: an experimental group that underwent an eight-week training program based on reciprocal training, and a control group that trained using the traditional method. A special test was used to measure backhand accuracy before and after the program was implemented, and statistical methods were used to analyze the results. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of reciprocal training in developing backhand performance. These results provide practical evidence for coaches and those involved in youth training. They call for a review of traditional training programs and the introduction of diverse training techniques based on hand-to-hand exchanges, given their direct impact on developing technical skills. The study proposes expanding the scope of exchange training to include other skills and testing its impact on different age groups and levels.
EFFECT OF FATIGUE ON THE RATE OF CONTRACTION AROUND THE KNEE AND FUNCTION IN FOOTBALLERS WITH A HISTORY OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RUPTURE
Given that athletes endure fatigue after an anterior cruciate ligament rupture, it is crucial to comprehend the implications of fatigue on irreparable nerve regulation and functionality. This research aimed to examine the impact of fatigue on the contraction of knee circumferential muscles and functionality in athletes with a history of anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Materials and Methods: The sample included 24 athletes, categorised into three groups: 8 with ACLR repair, 8 with ACLD rupture without reconstruction, and 8 serving as a control group. The joint contraction of the quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius was evaluated before and after exhaustion. Results: The quadriceps joint contraction rate in the afflicted groups (ACLR and ACLD) was considerably lower than that of the control group. The functionality in the single-leg Li test diminished markedly in the afflicted groups post-fatigue. Conclusion: The simultaneous contraction of the twin quadriceps is crucial for knee joint stability; hence, it is advisable to emphasise these muscles in rehabilitation activities. Due to the diminished functioning of injured athletes, it is advisable to assess functional tests under circumstances of exhaustion
THE IMPACT OF THE SIX THINKING HATS STRATEGY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE THINKING AND THE LEARNING OF SOME BASIC HANDBALL SKILLS FOR STUDENTS
Thinking abilities and acquiring essential handball skills among students. An experimental methodology was applied, using a two-group design (experimental and control), as it aligns with the nature and objectives of the research. The study population consisted of second-year male students enrolled in the morning program at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al Ain Private University, during the academic year 2024–2025. A total of 56 students, representing 37.33% of the total population (150 students), were selected and randomly assigned to two groups: 28 students in the experimental group and 28 in the control group. Findings revealed a significant improvement in the experimental group’s performance, which received instruction based on the Six Thinking Hats model. This group demonstrated superior development in both creative thinking and the mastery of fundamental handball skills namely dribbling, passing, and shooting, compared to the control group that followed conventional teaching methods
ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPLEMENTING STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AT THE MINISTRY OF YOUTH AND SPORTS IN IRAQ AND IDENTIFYING ORGANIZATIONAL IMPROVEMENT PRIORITIES
This study aimed to identify the essential requirements for implementing strategic human resource management (SHRM) at the Ministry of Youth and Sports in Iraq. The researcher employed a descriptive survey methodology using both personal interviews and online (electronic) questionnaires to suit the nature of the study and achieve its objectives and research questions. The research sample was selected intentionally and included 276 individuals from Ministry employees as well as stakeholders from clubs and sports federations in Iraq. The exploratory study was conducted on twenty-three individuals, while the main study included 253 participants. Data were collected and analyzed statistically using the social and psychological research software SPSS v.25, providing various statistical analyses. The study concluded that the essential dimensions for implementing SHRM at the Ministry included: strategic thinking, strategic analysis, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and strategy monitoring and evaluation
THE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND SOCIAL SOCIALIZATION AMONG YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS: A COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH STUDY
This research investigates how using social media and socializing with other young football players at the Diwaniya Club in Iraq affects them. The study's goal is to find out how the pros and cons of using social media are related to the pros and cons of socializing with other people on the team. Using a quantitative descriptive method, data were gathered from 23 young players using a validated questionnaire that looked at four primary factors: the good and bad effects of social media, the strength of social socialization, and the weakness of social socialization. We used SPSS to do statistical analysis that included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and reliability testing using Cronbach's Alpha. The results showed a high positive link (r=0.879, p
The higher state educational standard requires students to be a specialist in the field of physical culture (bachelor) with knowledge and socio-economic sciences: understanding the role of physical culture in human development and professional training; to have a system of practical skills and abilities that ensure preservation and strengthening of health, development and improvement of psychophysical abilities, qualities, self-determination in physical culture; it should include features such as gaining experience to achieve life and professional goals. "Sports Games and Methods of Teaching It". It can be used by students of physical education, masters and physical education teachers of secondary schools, coaches of primary training groups of basketball, volleyball, football and handball players of sports schools, organizers-instructors in physical education and all fans of these sports games.
The effect of preventive aquatic exercises in strengthening the ligaments and muscles working on the spine for office workers aged (35-40) years
The world is currently witnessing a vast development in all fields and aspects, including the sports field which is witnessing a qualitative leap thanks to the utilization of research, which necessitated attention to therapeutic sports movement, whether by using modern theoretical and applied sports sciences or modern scientific and technical means in creating advanced therapeutic and rehabilitation methods, far from surgical intervention in the rehabilitation of injuries of all kinds . It is also used to treat pain and to remove muscle spasms by using it in all its forms: solid (ice), liquid (water at all temperatures), and gaseous (steam) The lumbar vertebrae are an area of the spine that is most susceptible to injury. They contain five vertebrae (called the lumbar vertebrae ) that include ligaments, bones, and muscles together. All these things provide the opportunity to damage the lumbar vertebrae, and the researcher aimed to prepare preventive water exercises to strengthen the ligaments and muscles working on the spine for those who work in office jobs at the ages of (35-40) years researcher concluded that the preventive water exercises prepared by the researcher had a great effect in developing the strength of the ligaments of the lumbar region , and that applying the exercises to the injured did not leave any negative effects on them, but rather they obtained positive effects and improvement
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HIIT TRAINING IN ENHANCING NEUROMUSCULAR EFFICIENCY AND DEVELOPING THE BLOCKING SKILL IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Since the research problem is best addressed by the experimental method, the researcher took this approach. The sample of the study was intentionally chosen against the backdrop of senior volleyball players in the province of Diyala and distributed among 4 sports clubs. The main sample, which consisted of players from Khanqin Sports Club and Al-Wajihiya Sports Club, was randomly selected with the lottery method. The sample was split into two: experimental and control. 18 players from Khanqin Club and 14 players from AlWajihiya Club. The results of the study showed statistically significant differences in neuromuscular efficiency between groups, with the experimental group undergoing HIIT training performing better than controls. This result is a proof of the effectiveness of this type of training in provoking neuromuscular adaptations of volleyball players. In addition, HIIT training had a clear influence on motor skills associated with rapid and explosive movement, as well as precise neuromuscular coordination.
THE ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH METHODS IN THE STUDY OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND PEDAGOGICAL CULTURE
In scientific research, the appropriate selection of research methods is directly linked to the clear articulation of the research content, objectives, and tasks. The choice of methods is primarily grounded in the nature of the research object and subject—whether the phenomena under investigation are dynamic, psychological, or social in character. For instance, since processes such as pedagogical culture and professional ethics are inherently connected to human consciousness, values, inner positions, and attitudes, methods that account for subjective opinions, individual experiences, and contextual information take precedence in their study. From a scientific perspective, the methods employed in research must be inherently tied to the research's general scientific approach, methodology, and epistemological foundations. Regardless of the method chosen, it must fully correspond to the nature of the research object and serve the goals and objectives of finding a scientific solution to the problem. Scientific research is not merely a process of gathering data; it is the creation of knowledge within a specific theoretical or methodological framework. Therefore, research methods should not be viewed merely as tools for collecting information but rather as instruments that shape and construct knowledge
OUTDOOR GAMES IN THE EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING PROCESS FOR YOUNG WRESTLERS OF THE GRECO-ROMAN STYLE
The paper shows and substantiates the feasibility of using the concept of training in the form of outdoor games based on experimental data, theoretical generalizations and methodological provisions. The implementation of outdoor games in the educational and training process of young wrestlers of the GrecoRoman style according to the identified criteria and aspects will ensure an increase in the level of fundamental training and the quality of the training and education process
THE EFFECT OF A MINI-GAMES EDUCATIONAL CURRICULUM ON FOCUSED ATTENTION AND HANDBALL SHOOTING SKILLS FOR CHILDREN AGES 4-6
The research problem crystallized around the fact that some children lack the ability to focus their attention when performing the skill of shooting from a fixed position with a handball. This is due to a lack of sufficient attention to motor education lessons and the preoccupation of most children with modern technology. This prompted the researcher to study this important aspect and work to improve and develop it by using minigames that stimulate children's attention and engage them during play. The researcher developed an educational program containing mini-games and implemented it on a sample of kindergarten children aged 4- 6 years. The program included a set of mini-games in addition to educational guidance. The goal was to develop focus. The researcher used the experimental method with a single-group design and conducted a pretest for the research sample over a period of two months, with three units per week. The tests were then conducted. The post-test and with the same procedures followed in the pre-tests to identify the extent of the impact of the educational program prepared with mini-games on the concentration of attention and the skill of shooting from a standstill with a handball for children aged 4-6 years. After processing the data using appropriate statistical methods, the results showed the effectiveness of using the prepared curriculum to develop the concentration of attention and the skill of shooting from a standstill with a handball for kindergarten children aged (4-6) years. In light of the conclusions we reached, the following recommendations were raised: the necessity of using an educational curriculum with mini-games within the kindergarten curriculum and the necessity of preparing the educational environment with the necessary capabilities and tools to implement the games and prepare educational recreational games for the various sports activities in which children show weakness in practice for the purpose of developing and improving the concentration of attention and the skill of shooting from a standstill with a handball and to enhance self-confidence
Assistant Professor Dr. Mohammed Naseer Falih Mohammed
PSYCHOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AND ITS RELATION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL ENDURANCE AND OFFENSIVE TACTICAL INTELLIGENCE FOR THE PLAYERS OF THE SWORD FIGHTING (SABRE)
The psychological aspects and tactical intelligence offencing players. The research hypothesis was based on the existence of a significant correlation between psychological engineering, psychological endurance, and offensive tactical intelligence among the research sample. The problem of the research was to answer the following question: What level do fencing players possess in psychological engineering, psychological endurance, and offensive tactical intelligence? And what is the relationship between psychological engineering and psychological endurance and offensive tactical intelligence among the players? The research community consisted of the players of the sub-union of Kirkuk clubs, totaling (36) players, and the research sample included (36) players, representing 100% of the original community, along with (6) players for the exploratory trial . Questionnaires were distributed to the research sample, and results were extracted using statistical methods. Theresearcher reached a number of findings, including that the players distinguished themselves with a high level of psychological engineering, psychological endurance, and offensive tactical intelligence, and there was a significant correlation among them. The researcher recommended conducting studies similar to the current study and paying attention to the psychological aspect alongside the physical and skill-related aspects due to their significant role in achieving success
PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVATION AS A PREDICTOR OF ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE IN BASKETBALL
Sports professionals agree that basketball, like other sports, is constantly evolving. This is due to research that has helped achieve outstanding results, benefiting countries, including Iraq, at the local, regional, and global levels. There is no doubt that psychological factors are an influential factor, as they have a profound impact on athletic achievement, just like other factors (physical, skill, and tactical). Sports psychology is one of the most important foundations of the training process. Without it, it is difficult to achieve a comprehensive level of achievement, as this factor constitutes the core of the training process and is an indicator of the athletes' high abilities and potential. Motivation is one of the drivers of behavior and performance, and even the key to athletic practice. At a certain level, it can lead to satisfactory results. It works to reduce gaps and shorten distances, enhancing players' performance and promoting them to the best. Therefore, it is one of the first steps coaches must take to develop and enhance it. However, an unnatural increase or decrease in motivation below the desired level can disrupt performance and negatively impact results. Therefore, it is important to understand how to apply this condition to activate and motivate it to serve the athletic aspect. Therefore, it can be said that motivation is a double-edged sword, and it must be equal to the level of ambition
THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTION USING A TRAINING METHOD TO DEVELOP SOME BASIC SKILLS IN FUTSAL FOR FOURTH-YEAR MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS
The study aimed to use the learning method by group competition and cooperative learning in developing some basic football skills for the research sample. The research sample was divided into three groups, each group consisted of 20 students from the research community. The researcher concluded that the group competition method and the cooperative learning method are two effective methods in learning some basic skills in football. As it turned out, there is a lack of interest on the part of educational bodies in using advanced methods in physical education lessons. The competitive learning method appeared to be the most effective cooperative method in learning some basic football skills.
DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF A DUAL-TEST MODEL TO MEASURE SPECIFIC PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES AND OFFENSIVE SKILLS FOR YOUTH VOLLEYBALL TALENT IDENTIFICATION
In this research work, the authors introduce a new tool namely the dual-test model of antecedents that need to be standardized to objectively assess the skills of offensive volleyball plays and young athletes between the ages 12 and 16 years. Valid and reliable testing in competitive sports is necessary in the determination of future talent in competitive sports, which requires organized long-term improvement in competition. Using a quantitative cross-sectional research study, the sample size consisted of 140 participants involving youth volleyball players stratified by age and gender. Balancing of participants was applied by stratifying random selection of young volleyball participants in clubs and academies. The physical and the offensive skill battery will be combined into two sections that will form the proposed model; (A) A physical test battery which will assess explosive power, speed, agility, strength, and coordination using tests such as vertical jump, sprint, agility test, long jump and grip strength; (B) The offensive skills battery that will examine serve accuracy, spike performance, setting accuracy and in optional circumstances, offensive decision-making. The test was carried out in a pilot study with 20 athletes to iron out unclarity and timing in tests. The psychometric features of the model were extensively confirmed with test-retest (ICC > 0.85), inter-rater (Cohen Kappa > 0.80) and construct and content validity through coach rankings and expert panels. All subtests were put into a z-score form, which fed into two indices called Physical Index (PI) and Offensive Skills Index (OSI), which united to create a Total Talent Index (TTI) with regression weights based on coach ratings. The TTI had an excellent predictive value regarding coach rated talent (R 2 > 0.70). The gap between different age groups and gender highlights a particular need of context grounded benchmarks. The dual-test model provides a scalable, standardisable system that can be used in identifying volleyball talent among youth, and would be appropriate to incorporate within national development pathways and longitudinal monitoring.