Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education Languages: English, German, Spanish, and Russian Publication Frequency: Monthly (12 Issues Per Year) Publication format: Online ISSN (E): 2942-9943 ResearchBib: 9.775 IFSIJ JIF: 7.010 Cite Factor Index Copernicus Google Scholar Asian Education Index Mission And Scope Mission - Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education is an electronic journal that provides easy access to scientific research in the field of sports science and physical education. Scope - The main objective of Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education is to unite specialists from different fields, including sport, physical activity, kinesiology, education, health and nutrition, to provide the opportunity for multidisciplinary debates and comprehensive understanding of how physical activity influences human life. Researchers from areas that are related to sport and health are invited to publish their cutting-edge research and its practical applicability. Our target group of expert specialists includes academic researchers, kinesitherapists, physical education and sports teachers, physicians in sports medicine, psychologists, nutritionists, coaches and any other researchers involved in the sports field. Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education aims to act as a stimulus and a dissemination instrument for the research activity of investigators. Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education primarily publishes articles in the following fields: the natural sciences of sport, social and behavioural sciences and humanities, sports management, sports medicine, sports pedagogy and sport itself. The journal also aims to facilitate and enhance communication across all sub-disciplines of the sport sciences. The journal awaits original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications that contain new insight into any aspect of the sport sciences that have not been previously published and are not under consideration for publication elsewhere. The journal covers all aspects of Physical Education and Sport * Didactics, Educational Technologies and Special Pedagogy * Adapted Physical Activity, * Biomechanics, * Combat Sports and Martial Arts, * Comparative PE and Sport * Coaching Science, * Games, * Individual Sports, * Kinanthropometry, * Kinesiology, * Military sports, * Motor Learning and Control, * Neuromotor Psychology, * Philosophy of Sport, * Political Science of Sport, * Sociology of Sport, * Sport and Exercise Physiology, * Sport and Exercise Psychology, * Sport Facilities, * Sport for All, * Sport History, * Sport Information, * Sport Management, * Sport Pedagogy, * Sports Law, * Sports Medicine, ETHICS OF PUBLICATION: The Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education policy regarding suspected scientific misconduct, which includes plagiarism, fabricated data, and falsification, is based on the “Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)”. Our Journal is equipped with licensed software to verify the originality of all submitted articles, and we uphold the principles of originality and ethics of scientific research.
DETERMINING THE EFFICIENCY OF 13-YEAR-OLD FOOTBALLERS' SHOTS ON GOAL IN TRAINING AND COMPETITIONS
The article analyzes the shots taken by 13-year-old football players during training and competitions, determines their effectiveness, and provides recommendations for eliminating shortcomings.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE EFFECT OF THE BLENDED LEARNING STRATEGY ON LEARNING THE SKILLS OF REBOUND HANDLING AND SCORING FROM STABILITY IN BASKETBALL
The study aims to identify the effect of the blended learning strategy on learning the two handling skills Rebounding and scoring in basketball, and the research sample consisted of first year female students in the department Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Maarif University College. The study adopted the experimental method. Due to its suitability and the nature of the problem, the statistical package (SPSS) is used to process the data statistically. The researchers concluded that the blended learning strategy has a positive impact on learning the skills of rebound handling and scoring from a standstill in basketball. The researchers recommend using strategies that give traditional education and e-learning a boost for both secondary school and university to add excitement, spread cooperative spirit, and break out of the traditional pattern of learning the basic skills for all games
THE IMPORTANCE OF INDIVIDUAL APPROACH AND DIFFERENTIATED METHODS IN THE EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATION OF RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS TRAINING SESSIONS
This article examines the scientific and practical significance of an individual approach and differentiated methods in organizing rhythmic gymnastics training sessions. The study, based on a pedagogical experiment, analyzed indicators of athletes’ physical and technical preparedness. The results demonstrated that the use of an individual approach significantly improves flexibility, coordination, jumping ability, and rhythm perception. Furthermore, differentiated methods contribute to optimizing the training process, reducing overload, and increasing athletes’ motivation
THE IMPACT OF INDIVIDUALIZED TRAINING PROGRAMS ON PERFORMANCE DEVELOPMENT IN YOUNG TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETES
In recent years, the development of young athletes in track and field has become a central focus of sports science, particularly in the context of optimizing training processes and enhancing performance outcomes. Modern athletics requires not only high physical preparedness but also the implementation of scientifically grounded training methodologies that take into account the individual characteristics of athletes. In this regard, individualized training programs are increasingly recognized as a key factor in improving athletic performance and ensuring long-term athlete development. The relevance of this study is обусловлена the growing need to design training systems that correspond to the biological, physiological, and psychological особенностям young athletes. Traditional “one-size-fits-all” training approaches often fail to consider significant inter-individual differences in growth, maturation, and adaptation to нагрузка, which can lead to suboptimal performance outcomes and increased risk of injury. Contemporary research emphasizes that youth athletes exhibit substantial variability in developmental trajectories, and therefore require tailored training interventions aligned with their individual capacities and needs
THE PROBLEM OF HYPODYNAMIC IN THE HUMAN ORGANISM AND THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION HYGIENE
Hypodynamia is a condition associated with a decrease in motor activity, which has a negative effect on the human body. Disorders of the cardiovascular system, increased blood pressure, metabolic changes and other pathologies are the main negative consequences of hypodynamia. This article analyzes the importance of physical education hygiene, its role in the prevention of these diseases and the results of scientific research.
THE EFFECT OF DESIGNING TRAINING UNITS ACCORDING TO PHYSICAL LOAD VARIABLES ON MYELOPEROXIDASE (MPO) ACTIVITY RELATED TO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF MUSCULAR PERFORMANCE IN GYMNASTICS ATHLETES
The current study aimed to design a proposed training program based on the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) as an indicator of physiological response in muscle performance for gymnasts, as well as to highlight the importance of the program in improving muscular and technical performance. The sample included (14) players from the Iraqi national junior gymnastics team. The experimental method was employed using a pre- and post-test design for one experimental group. The proposed training program lasted eight weeks, integrating continuous aerobic exercises and high-intensity intervals, with training intensity monitored according to HRmax. The results showed a significant improvement in MPO activity, aerobic capacity (VO₂ Max), lactate threshold, and performance of motor routines. The findings indicate that the proposed training units had a positive effect on muscular and physiological efficiency of the athletes.
IMPACT OF HAND-TO-HAND COMBAT READINESS ON SENSOMOTOR REACTION AND COGNITIVE DECISION-MAKING RATE
This scientific study is devoted to the study of the impact of hand-to-hand combat readiness on sensomotor reaction rates as well as cognitive decision-making processes. During the study, experimental and control groups were formed, in which, with the help of special tests, indicators of reaction and decision-making were evaluated. In particular, cognitive processes have been analyzed through simple and selective reaction time, as well as Stroop and Go/No-Go tests
A SYSTEMIC APPROACH WITHIN THE PEDAGOGICAL SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of applying a systems approach in the teaching of physical education. It reveals the essence of the systems approach as a methodological foundation of pedagogical activity and analyzes the structural components of the pedagogical system and their interrelations. Special attention is given to the practical implementation of the systems approach in physical education classes, including the development of motor skills, the enhancement of physical qualities, and the motivation of students. The provided examples demonstrate the effectiveness of a systematically organized learning process. It is concluded that the systems approach contributes to improving the quality of education, fostering students’ personal development, and optimizing the educational process.
PHYSICAL REHABILITATION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF ADAPTIVE PHYSICAL CULTURE
The article examines physical rehabilitation within the framework of adaptive physical culture as a crucial means of restoring motor functions in individuals with disabilities and health limitations. The physiological foundations of motor rehabilitation are revealed, along with the main goals, stages, principles, methods, and means of restoring impaired movements. Special attention is given to the role of the adaptive physical culture specialist in the rehabilitation process, as well as to the expected outcomes of implementing rehabilitation programs. The comprehensive nature of adaptive physical culture is emphasized, as it is aimed not only at physical recovery but also at social integration and improvement of the quality of life of participants.
TEACHING METHODS FOR TEAM OFFENSIVE TECHNIQUES TO YOUNG HANDBALL PLAYERS
This study explores effective teaching methods for developing team offensive techniques among young handball players. The objective was to identify pedagogical strategies that enhance cooperation, tactical understanding, and execution of collective attacks in competitive play. The study used observational and experimental approaches, applying a combination of progressive drills, game simulations, and feedback-based learning. Results showed significant improvements in teamwork, passing accuracy, and spatial awareness. The findings suggest that structured, interactive, and game-oriented training is crucial for developing offensive efficiency in youth handball.
The Effectiveness of a Psychological Counseling Program in Emotional Intelligence for Developing Complex Skill Performance under Competitive Pressure among Handball Players
The present research aims to reveal the effectiveness of a psychological counseling program based on developing emotional intelligence in regulating complex skill performance and improving its accuracy under competitive pressure among handball players. Emotional intelligence represents an optimal state of performance characterized by full engagement, high attentional focus, a sense of control, and fluidity in motor execution. The researcher adopted the experimental approach using a pre-test/post-test equivalent groups design (experimental and control), as it perfectly aligns with the nature of the research problem in revealing the effectiveness of the psychological counseling intervention. The research sample consisted of (20) handball players, who were randomly assigned into two equal groups. The emotional intelligence scale and the complex skill performance test under competitive pressure were used as the main measurement tools, where performance situations were designed to simulate actual competition conditions in terms of time constraints and stressful stimuli. The program was implemented over a period of (6) weeks, with (2) sessions per week. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test in favor of the experimental group regarding the level of emotional intelligence and the accuracy of skill performance under competitive pressure; furthermore, it outperformed the control group in the post-test, indicating the effectiveness of the psychological counseling program in improving the regulation of skill performance and maintaining its accuracy in stressful situations. These findings support the theoretical proposition that emotional intelligence acts as a psychological regulatory mechanism contributing to performance stability and mitigating the impact of competitive pressures
The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Enhancing Performance Under Pressure Among young football players
The objective of this research is to verify the relationship between emotional intelligence and performance under pressure among young football players at Al-Qasim Sports Club. The basic research sample consisted of (25) football players from the youth ranks of Al-Qasim Sports Club aged between (15– 16) years. The researcher used the descriptive correlational method. The research tools consisted of: the Emotional Intelligence Scale (Prepared by: The Researcher) and the Performance Under Pressure Scale (Prepared by: The Researcher). The results showed the existence of a statistically significant positive correlational relationship between emotional intelligence and performance under pressure among young football players. , and the existence of statistically significant differences in performance under pressure between high emotional intelligence players and low emotional intelligence players in favor of those with high emotional intelligence.
EFFECTIVENESS OF PLYOMETRIC EXERCISES IN DEVELOPING SPEED AND AGILITY IN ADOLESCENT BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The digital transformation of sports training methodologies, including the application of scientifically grounded physical conditioning techniques, has become increasingly relevant in modern athletic development. In Uzbekistan, significant attention is being given to the advancement of youth sports as a strategic priority of state policy. Over recent years, large-scale reforms have been implemented to improve sports infrastructure, increase youth participation, and enhance the quality of athlete preparation. In particular, the development of mass sports and the construction of modern sports facilities have created favorable conditions for improving the physical fitness of young athletes
THE EFFECT OF A REHABILITATION PROGRAM BASED ON THE (ASI) MODEL ON REDUCING NEUROMUSCULAR ASYMMETRY IN SELECTED PHYSICAL ABILITIES AMONG ATHLETES WITH LOWER LIMB INJURIES
This study aims to identify the effect of a rehabilitation program based on the Ayres Sensory Integration (ASI) model on reducing neuromuscular asymmetry in some physical abilities of athletes with lower limb injuries. The researcher adopted the experimental method and applied the program to a single experimental sample consisting of nine athletes suffering from moderate lower limb injuries. The rehabilitation program focused on increasing training loads on the weaker limb. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-test in the variables of strength, balance, reaction speed, and agility. It was concluded that the rehabilitation program based on the ASI model effectively contributed to reducing neuromuscular asymmetry and improving the functional efficiency of the injured limb. The study recommends adopting this model in sports rehabilitation programs, with emphasis on training the weaker limb to a safe and effective return of athletes to sports activity.
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE LEVEL OF FEAR OF RE-INJURY AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINANT OF SPORT RELAPSE AMONG INJURED ATHLETES DURING THE MEDICAL REHABILITATION PHASE
This study aims to identify the level of fear of re-injury as a psychological determinant of sports relapse injured among athletes during the medical rehabilitation phase. The study adopted the descriptive approach and was conducted on a sample of injured athletes at the Sports Medicine Hospital in Baghdad, using the Fear of ReInjury Scale. The results revealed that the level of fear of re-injury was high and statistically significant, indicating its clear impact on the injured athletes' behavior and readiness to return to sports activity. The findings also showed that fear of re-injury represents an important psychological factor that contributes to an increased likelihood of sports relapse despite the completion of physical rehabilitation. It is therefore concluded that the success of medical rehabilitation programs cannot be achieved by relying solely on physical aspects, but rather requires integrated attention to psychological aspects. The study recommends incorporating psychological preparation and the assessment of fear of re-injury within medical rehabilitation programs. It also emphasizes the importance of involving a sports psychologist to reduce relapse rates and ensure a safe and effective return to sports activity.
THE EFFECT OF FUNCTIONAL TRAINING ON BASIC STRENGTH AND DYNAMIC BALANCE IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS
This research aims to identify the effect of functional training on basic strength and dynamic balance in football players. Specifically, it examines the impact of functional training on basic strength and dynamic balance. The researcher employed an experimental design, deemed most suitable for the nature of the research. A random sample of 26football players was selected, divided into two groups: 13players for a pilot study (validation of tests for reliability and validity) and 13players for the experimental group. The researcher developed a training program using functional exercises, which was implemented with the research sample for two months. The results demonstrated that the functional training program was clearly effective in improving the basic strength of the studied football players. The functional exercises also led to a noticeable improvement in dynamic balance levels, consistent with [the research findings]. Regarding the requirements for skill performance on the field, statistically significant differences were found between the pre- and posttests in favor of the post-test in all basic strength and dynamic balance tests. One of the most important recommendations was the necessity of adopting training programs based on functional exercises within the physical preparation plans for football players, due to their effective impact on developing basic strength and dynamic balance, and including stability and balance exercises within the daily training units of players with the aim of improving neuromuscular control and reducing the risk of sports injuries
THE EFFECT OF SMOKING ON AEROBIC ENDURANCE AND CERTAIN HEART FUNCTIONS IN YOUTH BASKETBALL PLAYERS AGED (17-18) YEARS
The research aims to determine the effect of smoking on youth basketball players, both smokers and non-smokers, regarding aerobic endurance, and to determine the effect of smoking on youth basketball players, both smokers and non-smokers, regarding certain heart functions. The sample consists of a group of players from the Ramadi Sports Club basketball team, totaling (10) players, following the conclusion of the training season for the 2023/2024 season. Their ages range from (17-18) years. Within the single group, they are divided into two groups: (5) smokers and (5) non-smokers. Through tests conducted on the experimental group, results, analysis, and discussion of the research variables appeared. The researcher concluded that there are statistically significant differences between smoking and non-smoking youth basketball players in aerobic endurance, the functional indicator Heart Rate (H.R), the functional indicator Systolic Pressure, and the functional indicator Diastolic Pressure, in favor of the non-smokers. There are many negatives of smoking on the athlete's body and functional systems, as smoking has a significant impact on various body systems. Smoking increases the heart rate, blood pressure, and blood coagulation, and it decreases aerobic endurance capacity in sports exercises
THE COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF TWO TRAINING METHODOLOGIES (PLYOMETRIC VERSUS COMPLEX TRAINING) ON THE DEVELOPMENT RATE OF EXPLOSIVE POWER AND SPRINT SPEED AMONG BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The study aimed to compare the differential effect of two training programs (Plyometric vs. Complex Training) on the level and development rate of explosive power and sprint speed among basketball players. The researcher used a quasi-experimental design with two experimental groups and one control group, employing pre-test and post-test measurements. The research sample consisted of (18) male basketball players from Al-Koot Sports Club, randomly divided into three homogeneous groups: Plyometric group (n=6), Complex Training group (n=6), and a Control group (n=6). The training programs were applied at a rate of (3) sessions per week over (8) weeks, while the control group continued its regular program. The dependent variables were measured using the Vertical Jump Test (for explosive power) and the 20-meter Sprint Test (for sprint speed), both before and after the intervention.
The Effect of Physical Exercises with Auditory Stimuli on Motor Response Speed and Improving Certain Aspects of Attention Among School Students
The research aimed to identify the effect of physical exercises with sequential auditory stimuli on raising the level of motor response speed among school students aged 9-11 years. The researcher employed the experimental method using a one-group pre-test/post-test design due to its suitability for the nature of the research. The research population was determined as primary school students (ages 9-11) in schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education of Baghdad Karkh Second, for the academic year (2024-2025).After presenting, analyzing, and discussing the results, the researcher concluded that the use of physical exercises accompanied by sequential auditory stimuli has a positive and effective impact on developing the motor response speed of school students (9-11 years). There is a close relationship between physical training based on reaction and the development of attention aspects (concentration, acuity, stability), as the program led to a noticeable improvement in the mental processes accompanying performance.The researcher recommends the necessity of adopting exercises that rely on variable auditory and visual stimuli within physical education curricula in primary schools, and not merely relying on static, stereotypical exercises.
The Effect of Interspersed Exercises on Developing Arm Explosive Power and Back-Row Spike Accuracy in Volleyball Players
The study aimed to prepare interspersed exercises and identify the effect of these exercises on some physical and skill abilities. The research hypotheses stated that the prepared exercises have a positive effect on some abilities and skills in volleyball, and that there are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests for the experimental group, as well as statistically significant differences between the control and experimental groups. The researcher used the experimental approach with a two-independentgroups design. The research population included first-division volleyball club players in the Ramadi district, totaling (5) clubs. The sample consisted of the Abu Risha club representing the experimental group and the Al-Somoud club representing the control group for the (2023-2024) sports season, participating in the firstdivision league, and representing (40%) of the population. The researcher prepared (10) interspersed exercises to develop the explosive power of the arms and the accuracy of the back-row spiking skill for the research sample players. The researcher concluded that the prepared exercises helped the players self-evaluate, assess themselves, and increase their confidence through training and recognizing the level of success they achieved. The researcher recommended using interspersed exercises in conditions similar to real competition due to their effective impact on the level of volleyball players.
USE OF MUSICAL RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES FOR SCHOOL STUDENTS
In the context of modern educational reforms and socio-economic changes, physical education faces the challenge of developing not only students’ physical fitness but also their motivation, emotional well-being, and overall personal development. This article examines the role and effectiveness of musical rhythmic gymnastics in physical education classes for school students. Special attention is given to its application in the preparatory parts of athletics-oriented and game-based lessons, as well as in pre-class (morning) gymnastics. The study highlights the pedagogical, physiological, and emotional benefits of musical rhythmic gymnastics, including the development of endurance, coordination, speed, motor culture, and emotional engagement. The use of rhythmic exercises accompanied by music enhances students’ interest in physical education, increases motor activity density, improves emotional states, and positively influences attendance and learning motivation. Musical rhythmic gymnastics is presented as an accessible, effective, and innovative means of improving the quality of physical education in schools.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF GYMNASTICS TRAINING
Gymnastics is not only a means of physical development but also a powerful tool for shaping the psychological characteristics of an individual. This article examines the key psychological aspects of gymnastics training, including the development of concentration, self-control, emotional stability, stress resistance, selfconfidence, learning ability, adaptability, creativity, and social skills. The process of mastering complex motor actions in gymnastics creates favorable conditions for the formation of a resilient and harmoniously developed personality. The study emphasizes that systematic gymnastics training contributes significantly to cognitive development, emotional regulation, and social interaction skills, which are essential both in sports and everyday life. As a result, gymnastics is considered an effective pedagogical and psychological instrument in the holistic development of athletes
THE IMPACT OF ATHLETICS TRAINING ON ENHANCING THE PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION OF FUTURE PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS
This article scientifically analyzes the significance and impact of athletics training on enhancing the professional preparation of future physical education teachers. In the course of the study, indicators of physical fitness (speed, endurance, strength, and explosive power) as well as the dynamics of pedagogical competencies were examined based on experimental and control groups. The obtained results confirmed that athletics training has a positive effect on the functional condition of students and the development of their professionalpractical skills. In addition, practical recommendations were developed for the methodologically sound organization of the training process
THE EFFECT OF USING A THERMAL TERAHERTZ DEVICE PRIOR TO REHABILITATION EXERCISES ON REDUCING ELBOW JOINT PAIN AND IMPROVING RANGE OF MOTION IN ATHLETES WITH DISABILITIES
Accordingly, the researcher conducted a case study by designing a rehabilitation program supported by modern modalities using a thermal terahertz device for athletes with disabilities suffering from elbow joint injuries. The significance of this research lies in establishing a rehabilitation protocol accompanied by a terahertz device for the injured limb, enabling the athlete to perform sport-specific activities related to this joint and to return rapidly to normal activity and achievement.
thermal terahertz, range of motion, pain
Physiological Responses of Selected Blood VariablesAccompanying a Plyometric Training Program in YoungTennis Players
The main purpose of this study is to identify the effect of a plyometric training program on specific physical performance metrics and to detect the physiological reactions of specific blood variables. one-group pre-test and post-test designed and used in the experimental method of the current research. The sample of the research consisted of 16 young tennis players, aged between 15 to 16. The plyometric training regimen was implemented for (8) weeks, with (3) training sessions every week. In addition to explosive power and sprint speed, blood indicators (hemoglobin, creatinine, and urea) were also evaluated. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-test for all studied variables, indicating positive physiological adaptations resulting from the plyometric training program. According to the study's findings, plyometric exercise helps young tennis players perform better physically and improve a few physiological blood indicators
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Hussein Ali Hussein Al-Kufi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of the Hannafin Peck Model Supported byHypermedia on Cognitive Achievement, Specific MotorSatisfaction, and Learning Basic Tennis Skills for Students
The importance of the research lies in the use of the Hannafin Peck model with the support of superinterfering media in cognitive achievement and special motor gratification and learning basic skills in tennis, and embodying this importance as it is the first attempt to learn basic skills in tennis and contribute to the development of teaching methods in tennis and help the teacher in diversity in methods and methods in line with teaching skills. The research aims to identify the effect of the Hannafin Peck model with the support of hyper-interfering media, the method used in cognitive achievement, special motor artifacts, and learning basic tennis skills for students. The researcher used the experimental method according to the design of the two equal groups with pre- and post-tests to suit the nature and problem of the research. The researcher deliberately identified his research population, which are the students of the third stage at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences – Anbar University for the academic year 2025-2026, which are 127 students. After identifying the research tests and conducting the post-test and pre-experiments, the researcher used the statistical package (SPSS) to process the results statistically and using the appropriate statistical means in order to achieve the research objectives and hypotheses. After presenting, analyzing and discussing the results, it was concluded that the educational modules using the Hannafin Peck model have a positive and effective effect on improving cognitive achievement, motor gratification, and learning the basic skills of the students of the experimental group. The experimental group that applied the Hannafin Peck model was superior to the control group that applied the method used in cognitive achievement, motor gratification, and learning basic tennis skills for the students. The researcher recommends that the Hannafin Peck model should be adopted in the educational units of tennis because of its effectiveness in increasing students' learning motivation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hameed Hammad Khalaf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SYNCHRONIZATION BETWEEN THE HITTING ARM MOTION AND THE TAKE-OFF FOOT IN TERMS OF ANGULAR AND LINEAR VELOCITY WITH THE ACCURACY OF THE FLOAT SERVE IN VOLLEYBALL FOR JUNIORS
The study aimed to identify and quantify the motor synchronization between the hitting arm and the take-off foot during the execution of the float serve. It also sought to measure the angular velocity of the hitting arm and the linear (peripheral) velocity of its distal segment at the moment of ball contact, through pre- and posttesting of the research sample. The researcher hypothesized that there would be a statistically significant correlation between the synchronization of the hitting arm and the take-off foot and the angular velocity of the arm. A second hypothesis proposed the presence of a statistically significant correlation between the synchronization of the hitting arm and the take-off foot and the peripheral velocity of the distal end of the arm. The research population was defined as the players of the Naft Maisn Club for the 2024 season, consisting of (6) players. Based on the findings, the researchers recommended adopting specialized training exercises to develop motor synchronization between the hitting arm and the take-off foot, using training methods that emphasize timing and temporal precision in performance. They also emphasized focusing training on the phases of generating angular velocity and its transfer through the kinetic chain—from the foot, through the trunk, and ultimately to the hitting arm. The researcher concluded that there is a strong and direct correlation between the synchronization of the hitting arm and the take-off foot, indicating that temporal coordination between these motor actions is a decisive factor in achieving accuracy in the float serve among youth players. The results showed that the greater the motor synchronization between the hitting arm and the take-off foot, the lower the temporal dispersion in performance, which positively influenced the stability of the ball's trajectory and its accuracy in reaching the targeted zone on the opposite court
THE EFFECT OF TRAINING USING SLOW-MOTION VIDEO ON CORRECTING THE SKILL PERFORMANCE OF THE LONG SERVE IN TABLE TENNIS
This research aims to examine the impact of slow-motion video training on correcting the technical performance of long serves in table tennis among junior players. The study relies on employing slow-motion replay as an instructional tool that enables players to observe subtle execution errors and work on correcting them. The researcher adopted the experimental method with two groups: an experimental group trained using slow-motion video analysis, and a control group trained using traditional methods. The sample consisted of 20 randomly selected junior players, equally distributed between the two groups. A training program was implemented over four weeks, with three sessions per week, involving practical exercises captured on video and immediate feedback from the coach for each player. Technical performance of the long serve was assessed before and after the program using skill-based evaluation tools and motion analysis software. The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the post-test. These findings confirm the effectiveness of slow-motion video in improving technical skills. The study recommends integrating this technique into training programs, especially for early age categories.
BUILDING A QUENCHING TEST COUPLED WITH THE APPEARANCE OF ATTENTION DISTRIBUTION FOR HIGH SCHOOL FOOTBALL TEAM PLAYERS
The research aims to: Build a test to measure the skill of suppression coupled with the appearance of attention for high school football team players. Identify the level ofsuppression skill of high school soccer team players. Finding the scores and standardized levels of the test of the suppression skill coupled with the appearance of attention distribution for high school football team players. The researcher used the descriptive method in the survey method to suit it and the nature of the research problem, and the research population consisted of the players of high school teams in the city of Tikrit participating in the high school teams league for the academic year 2024/2025, which are (124) players, and the sample was determined to include all players except the goalkeepers, who are (16) goalkeepers, and the researchers built the test according to the scientific methods of building the tests, and the data was processed by the statistical package (SPSS). The researchers reached the following conclusions: - A test was developed to measure the suppression skill associated with the attention distribution appearance of high school football team players. Standardized degrees and levels of the suppression skill associated with the attention distribution appearance of high school football team players have been established.
ORGANIZATIONAL TRUST AND ITS EFFECT ON THE DECENTRALIZED WORK OF OFFICIALS IN ORGANIZING AND MANAGING LOCAL CHAMPIONSHIPS AFFILIATED WITH THE IRAQI ATHLETICS FEDERATION
The aim of the study is to identify the stage of both decentralized performance and organizational confidence with through those responsible the decentralized work of officials in organizing and managing local championships affiliated with the Iraqi Athletics Federation from their perspective. The study employed a descriptive approach using a correlational method on a sample of those managing local championships of the Iraqi Athletics Federation, including members , coaches, referees, and the president of the central administrative board, as well as the members and presidents of the subfederations for the sports (2020/2021)