Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education Languages: English, German, Spanish, and Russian Publication Frequency: Monthly (12 Issues Per Year) Publication format: Online ISSN (E): 2942-9943 ResearchBib: 9.775 IFSIJ JIF: 7.010 Cite Factor Index Copernicus Google Scholar Asian Education Index Mission And Scope Mission - Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education is an electronic journal that provides easy access to scientific research in the field of sports science and physical education. Scope - The main objective of Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education is to unite specialists from different fields, including sport, physical activity, kinesiology, education, health and nutrition, to provide the opportunity for multidisciplinary debates and comprehensive understanding of how physical activity influences human life. Researchers from areas that are related to sport and health are invited to publish their cutting-edge research and its practical applicability. Our target group of expert specialists includes academic researchers, kinesitherapists, physical education and sports teachers, physicians in sports medicine, psychologists, nutritionists, coaches and any other researchers involved in the sports field. Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education aims to act as a stimulus and a dissemination instrument for the research activity of investigators. Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education primarily publishes articles in the following fields: the natural sciences of sport, social and behavioural sciences and humanities, sports management, sports medicine, sports pedagogy and sport itself. The journal also aims to facilitate and enhance communication across all sub-disciplines of the sport sciences. The journal awaits original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications that contain new insight into any aspect of the sport sciences that have not been previously published and are not under consideration for publication elsewhere. The journal covers all aspects of Physical Education and Sport * Didactics, Educational Technologies and Special Pedagogy * Adapted Physical Activity, * Biomechanics, * Combat Sports and Martial Arts, * Comparative PE and Sport * Coaching Science, * Games, * Individual Sports, * Kinanthropometry, * Kinesiology, * Military sports, * Motor Learning and Control, * Neuromotor Psychology, * Philosophy of Sport, * Political Science of Sport, * Sociology of Sport, * Sport and Exercise Physiology, * Sport and Exercise Psychology, * Sport Facilities, * Sport for All, * Sport History, * Sport Information, * Sport Management, * Sport Pedagogy, * Sports Law, * Sports Medicine, ETHICS OF PUBLICATION: The Proximus Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education policy regarding suspected scientific misconduct, which includes plagiarism, fabricated data, and falsification, is based on the “Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)”. Our Journal is equipped with licensed software to verify the originality of all submitted articles, and we uphold the principles of originality and ethics of scientific research.
USE OF MUSICAL RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES FOR SCHOOL STUDENTS
In the context of modern educational reforms and socio-economic changes, physical education faces the challenge of developing not only students’ physical fitness but also their motivation, emotional well-being, and overall personal development. This article examines the role and effectiveness of musical rhythmic gymnastics in physical education classes for school students. Special attention is given to its application in the preparatory parts of athletics-oriented and game-based lessons, as well as in pre-class (morning) gymnastics. The study highlights the pedagogical, physiological, and emotional benefits of musical rhythmic gymnastics, including the development of endurance, coordination, speed, motor culture, and emotional engagement. The use of rhythmic exercises accompanied by music enhances students’ interest in physical education, increases motor activity density, improves emotional states, and positively influences attendance and learning motivation. Musical rhythmic gymnastics is presented as an accessible, effective, and innovative means of improving the quality of physical education in schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF GYMNASTICS TRAINING
Gymnastics is not only a means of physical development but also a powerful tool for shaping the psychological characteristics of an individual. This article examines the key psychological aspects of gymnastics training, including the development of concentration, self-control, emotional stability, stress resistance, selfconfidence, learning ability, adaptability, creativity, and social skills. The process of mastering complex motor actions in gymnastics creates favorable conditions for the formation of a resilient and harmoniously developed personality. The study emphasizes that systematic gymnastics training contributes significantly to cognitive development, emotional regulation, and social interaction skills, which are essential both in sports and everyday life. As a result, gymnastics is considered an effective pedagogical and psychological instrument in the holistic development of athletes
THE IMPACT OF ATHLETICS TRAINING ON ENHANCING THE PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION OF FUTURE PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS
This article scientifically analyzes the significance and impact of athletics training on enhancing the professional preparation of future physical education teachers. In the course of the study, indicators of physical fitness (speed, endurance, strength, and explosive power) as well as the dynamics of pedagogical competencies were examined based on experimental and control groups. The obtained results confirmed that athletics training has a positive effect on the functional condition of students and the development of their professionalpractical skills. In addition, practical recommendations were developed for the methodologically sound organization of the training process
THE EFFECT OF USING A THERMAL TERAHERTZ DEVICE PRIOR TO REHABILITATION EXERCISES ON REDUCING ELBOW JOINT PAIN AND IMPROVING RANGE OF MOTION IN ATHLETES WITH DISABILITIES
Accordingly, the researcher conducted a case study by designing a rehabilitation program supported by modern modalities using a thermal terahertz device for athletes with disabilities suffering from elbow joint injuries. The significance of this research lies in establishing a rehabilitation protocol accompanied by a terahertz device for the injured limb, enabling the athlete to perform sport-specific activities related to this joint and to return rapidly to normal activity and achievement.
thermal terahertz, range of motion, pain
Physiological Responses of Selected Blood VariablesAccompanying a Plyometric Training Program in YoungTennis Players
The main purpose of this study is to identify the effect of a plyometric training program on specific physical performance metrics and to detect the physiological reactions of specific blood variables. one-group pre-test and post-test designed and used in the experimental method of the current research. The sample of the research consisted of 16 young tennis players, aged between 15 to 16. The plyometric training regimen was implemented for (8) weeks, with (3) training sessions every week. In addition to explosive power and sprint speed, blood indicators (hemoglobin, creatinine, and urea) were also evaluated. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-test for all studied variables, indicating positive physiological adaptations resulting from the plyometric training program. According to the study's findings, plyometric exercise helps young tennis players perform better physically and improve a few physiological blood indicators
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Hussein Ali Hussein Al-Kufi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of the Hannafin Peck Model Supported byHypermedia on Cognitive Achievement, Specific MotorSatisfaction, and Learning Basic Tennis Skills for Students
The importance of the research lies in the use of the Hannafin Peck model with the support of superinterfering media in cognitive achievement and special motor gratification and learning basic skills in tennis, and embodying this importance as it is the first attempt to learn basic skills in tennis and contribute to the development of teaching methods in tennis and help the teacher in diversity in methods and methods in line with teaching skills. The research aims to identify the effect of the Hannafin Peck model with the support of hyper-interfering media, the method used in cognitive achievement, special motor artifacts, and learning basic tennis skills for students. The researcher used the experimental method according to the design of the two equal groups with pre- and post-tests to suit the nature and problem of the research. The researcher deliberately identified his research population, which are the students of the third stage at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences – Anbar University for the academic year 2025-2026, which are 127 students. After identifying the research tests and conducting the post-test and pre-experiments, the researcher used the statistical package (SPSS) to process the results statistically and using the appropriate statistical means in order to achieve the research objectives and hypotheses. After presenting, analyzing and discussing the results, it was concluded that the educational modules using the Hannafin Peck model have a positive and effective effect on improving cognitive achievement, motor gratification, and learning the basic skills of the students of the experimental group. The experimental group that applied the Hannafin Peck model was superior to the control group that applied the method used in cognitive achievement, motor gratification, and learning basic tennis skills for the students. The researcher recommends that the Hannafin Peck model should be adopted in the educational units of tennis because of its effectiveness in increasing students' learning motivation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hameed Hammad Khalaf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SYNCHRONIZATION BETWEEN THE HITTING ARM MOTION AND THE TAKE-OFF FOOT IN TERMS OF ANGULAR AND LINEAR VELOCITY WITH THE ACCURACY OF THE FLOAT SERVE IN VOLLEYBALL FOR JUNIORS
The study aimed to identify and quantify the motor synchronization between the hitting arm and the take-off foot during the execution of the float serve. It also sought to measure the angular velocity of the hitting arm and the linear (peripheral) velocity of its distal segment at the moment of ball contact, through pre- and posttesting of the research sample. The researcher hypothesized that there would be a statistically significant correlation between the synchronization of the hitting arm and the take-off foot and the angular velocity of the arm. A second hypothesis proposed the presence of a statistically significant correlation between the synchronization of the hitting arm and the take-off foot and the peripheral velocity of the distal end of the arm. The research population was defined as the players of the Naft Maisn Club for the 2024 season, consisting of (6) players. Based on the findings, the researchers recommended adopting specialized training exercises to develop motor synchronization between the hitting arm and the take-off foot, using training methods that emphasize timing and temporal precision in performance. They also emphasized focusing training on the phases of generating angular velocity and its transfer through the kinetic chain—from the foot, through the trunk, and ultimately to the hitting arm. The researcher concluded that there is a strong and direct correlation between the synchronization of the hitting arm and the take-off foot, indicating that temporal coordination between these motor actions is a decisive factor in achieving accuracy in the float serve among youth players. The results showed that the greater the motor synchronization between the hitting arm and the take-off foot, the lower the temporal dispersion in performance, which positively influenced the stability of the ball's trajectory and its accuracy in reaching the targeted zone on the opposite court
THE EFFECT OF TRAINING USING SLOW-MOTION VIDEO ON CORRECTING THE SKILL PERFORMANCE OF THE LONG SERVE IN TABLE TENNIS
This research aims to examine the impact of slow-motion video training on correcting the technical performance of long serves in table tennis among junior players. The study relies on employing slow-motion replay as an instructional tool that enables players to observe subtle execution errors and work on correcting them. The researcher adopted the experimental method with two groups: an experimental group trained using slow-motion video analysis, and a control group trained using traditional methods. The sample consisted of 20 randomly selected junior players, equally distributed between the two groups. A training program was implemented over four weeks, with three sessions per week, involving practical exercises captured on video and immediate feedback from the coach for each player. Technical performance of the long serve was assessed before and after the program using skill-based evaluation tools and motion analysis software. The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the post-test. These findings confirm the effectiveness of slow-motion video in improving technical skills. The study recommends integrating this technique into training programs, especially for early age categories.
BUILDING A QUENCHING TEST COUPLED WITH THE APPEARANCE OF ATTENTION DISTRIBUTION FOR HIGH SCHOOL FOOTBALL TEAM PLAYERS
The research aims to: Build a test to measure the skill of suppression coupled with the appearance of attention for high school football team players. Identify the level ofsuppression skill of high school soccer team players. Finding the scores and standardized levels of the test of the suppression skill coupled with the appearance of attention distribution for high school football team players. The researcher used the descriptive method in the survey method to suit it and the nature of the research problem, and the research population consisted of the players of high school teams in the city of Tikrit participating in the high school teams league for the academic year 2024/2025, which are (124) players, and the sample was determined to include all players except the goalkeepers, who are (16) goalkeepers, and the researchers built the test according to the scientific methods of building the tests, and the data was processed by the statistical package (SPSS). The researchers reached the following conclusions: - A test was developed to measure the suppression skill associated with the attention distribution appearance of high school football team players. Standardized degrees and levels of the suppression skill associated with the attention distribution appearance of high school football team players have been established.
ORGANIZATIONAL TRUST AND ITS EFFECT ON THE DECENTRALIZED WORK OF OFFICIALS IN ORGANIZING AND MANAGING LOCAL CHAMPIONSHIPS AFFILIATED WITH THE IRAQI ATHLETICS FEDERATION
The aim of the study is to identify the stage of both decentralized performance and organizational confidence with through those responsible the decentralized work of officials in organizing and managing local championships affiliated with the Iraqi Athletics Federation from their perspective. The study employed a descriptive approach using a correlational method on a sample of those managing local championships of the Iraqi Athletics Federation, including members , coaches, referees, and the president of the central administrative board, as well as the members and presidents of the subfederations for the sports (2020/2021)
THE EFFECT OF CORE MUSCLES EXERCISES USING BODY WEIGHT AND SOME TRAINING METHODS IN DEVELOPING STRENGTH IN THE UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES OF YOUNG BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The physical training process consists of general preparation and specific preparation, and requires the coach to master the appropriate methods for the form of the sport in which he plays, and to be able to use these methods among the many other training variables to improve any element of physical fitness to achieve the desired goals of the preparation process. For players, the importance of research lies in the use of physical exercises based on the movement of the central muscles of the body represented by the torso muscles during exercise, based on the weight of the body and some training methods used in strength training that would develop the upper and lower extremities of basketball players .
SENSORY-MOTOR ABILITY IN SOCCER SCORING FOR HIGH SCHOOL PLAYERS IN TIKRIT
The research aimed to identify the level of cognitive ability and motor sense among high school team players in the accuracy of scoring in football, the researcher used the descriptive method in the survey method to suit it with the nature of the research, the research population identified the players of high school football teams, which are (320) players participating in the school football championship in the city of Tikrit for the academic year (2025/2026), and they are (20) school football teams, and the research sample was selected Deliberately, they are the (64) high school teams that qualified for the semi-finals, and after excluding a number of them, the sample number reached (52) players, and the researcher used two tests to measure the cognitive ability of the motor sense of scoring, the first is scoring from the penalty arc and the second is scoring from the penalty spot, and after finding the scientific foundations of the tests and doing the main experiment, the researcher processed the data obtained by the statistical package (SPSS)), the researcher reached a number of conclusions, namely that the players have a good and average level in the scoring test from the penalty arc from the penalty pole of stability, the player is blindfolded, and the test of scoring accuracy from the penalty point, and the levels have varied between acceptable and very good, which indicates the diversity in the level of sensory perception in scoring, while the selection of players for school teams comes as a result of self-selection and not relying on specific criteria, and the researcher recommended a number of points, the most important of which is that the Coaches of school teams should rely on criteria in selecting players, including the players' possession of the sensory cognitive ability, the necessity of using exercises that help develop sensory-motor cognitive abilities in training players, directing teachers in schools to invest in the physical education lesson, and developing curricula and teaching methods in a scientific and objective manner that helps raise the level of students in sensory-motor cognitive abilities
THE IMPACT OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL, SKILL, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS
This paper investigates the differential impact of intrinsic motivation (IM) and extrinsic motivation (EM) on the performance domains of professional football players: physical, skill-based, and psychological. Drawing on a narrative review and synthesis of empirical findings from recent literature, the study confirms that while EM (e.g., financial rewards, recognition) can yield short-term performance gains, IM (e.g., passion, enjoyment, self-determination) is fundamentally linked to sustained high performance, long-term commitment, and psychological resilience [1]. Empirical evidence from studies on elite football players demonstrates a significant correlation between high competence and intrinsic factors like passion [4]. Furthermore, the absence of motivation (amotivation) is shown to be a major predictor of stress and burnout [6]. The findings underscore the critical need for professional football organizations to adopt coaching strategies that cultivate IM to ensure optimal and sustained athlete development
METHODS OF APPLYING VARIATIVE PROGRAMS TO ASSESS THE PHYSICAL PREPAREDNESS OF PRESCHOOLERS
The article examines the importance of variative (optional) programs in preschool educational institutions, as well as the criteria of play-based (movement-based) tests used in monitoring the physical preparedness of children and the indicators applied in their implementation.
physical preparedness, monitoring, physical qualities, variative program, physical development
THE EFFECT OF JOB SATISFACTION ON THE SUCCESS OF SPORTS EVENTS OF ASSOCIATIONS IN MISAN GOVERNORATE
This research investigated the influence of work satisfaction on organisational success. The research was performed within sports federations, specifically involving four disciplines: football, basketball, volleyball, and handball. The study was conducted on a random sample of 47 employees across various administrative levels. The study employed a questionnaire as the primary instrument for data collection, supplemented by personal interviews and observations. The study aimed to evaluate several primary and secondary hypotheses concerning the influence among the study variables, to address the research questions and achieve the established objectives. To process data and information, many statistical approaches were employed, including mean, standard deviation, percentages, and simple regression coefficient. The study concluded that the two primary variables in the examined Association s were at elevated levels, that substantial relationships existed between them, and that work satisfaction had a considerable impact on organisational success. The results were congruent with the study's hypotheses. Recommendations were formulated based on the study's findings. The primary concern was the necessity for the federations' departments to educate employees about the significance of job satisfaction, as well as the imperative for senior management in sports federations to prioritise the organisation of training programs for leaders and managers, aimed at enhancing their understanding of job satisfaction and contemporary administrative strategies that facilitate its attainment and enhancement. In addition to promoting, reinforcing, and integrating this into its diverse policies and programs concerning human resources, there is a must to educate managers on these abilities and attributes. Furthermore, sports federations must establish standards and indicators in their operations and interactions with the public and society at large to ensure success through various means and techniques.
THE EFFECT OF EDUCATIONAL UNITS ACCORDING TO LEARNING STATIONS OF VARYING LEVELS ON IMPROVING COGNITIVE MOTIVATION AND GOALSCORING IN FOOTBALL
The research aimed to develop educational units based on learning stations of varying difficulty levels to improve cognitive motivation and goal-scoring in football, It also aimed to identify differences between pre- and post-test results in the variables of scoring from a stationary position and scoring from movement for the three research groups, The researcher used the experimental method as it was suitable for the nature of the problem , The researcher relied on a sample of players from Al-Kadhimiya Sports Club (youth category), aged 17-19, totaling (18) players, who were selected purposively, This sample represented (11%) of the original population of (200) players representing (10) clubs in Baghdad, The research sample was divided into three groups by lottery as follows: the first experimental group, consisting of (6) players, which worked according to the learning stations of varying difficulty levels; the second experimental group, consisting of (6) players, which worked according to the delegation method in setting its goals; and the third (control) group, consisting of (6) players, which worked according to the coach's method, The positive impact of the educational units that were implemented on the experimental groups (first and second) had a significant effect on improving the cognitive motivation and goal-scoring of the young players.
BUILDING A COMPOSITE TEST TO MEASURE MOTOR AND SKILL COORDINATION FOR FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS UNDER 17 YEARS OF AGE
This research aims to build a composite field test to measure motor coordination in female soccer players under 17 years of age, due to the essential role of coordination in developing skill performance, especially dribbling, passing, ball control, and shooting skills. The research adopted the descriptive approach using the field study method. The research population consisted of female players registered in premier league clubs for the 2024–2025 sports season. A composite test was designed that includes a skill sequence consisting of dribbling in a narrow corridor, passing to a teammate, controlling the ball, and then shooting at a divided goal. The validity of the test was verified through expert evaluation, and reliability was measured using the test–retest method on a pilot sample. The results showed that the test has a high degree of validity and reliability, and that motor coordination is positively associated with technical performance among female players. The research recommends adopting the test in women’s training programs and in selection and technical evaluation processes for youth female players
MENTAL IMAGERY AND SELF-CONFIDENCE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE SKILL PERFORMANCE LEVEL OF RESERVE PLAYERS OF AL-RAMADI CLUB AND AL-FAHAD FOOTBALL CLUB
The study aimed to identify the degree of mental imagery and self-confidence and their relationship to the skill performance level of the reserve players of Al-Ramadi Club and Al-Fahad Football Club. The research sample consisted of reserve players from Al-Ramadi Club and Al-Fahad Football Club, totaling (80) players. (10) players were excluded for the pilot study, bringing the total sample size to (70) players. Each club was divided separately, resulting in (35) players for each club. The researchers used the descriptive method with a correlational approach due to its suitability for the nature of the research. The researchers concluded that the lack of financial and moral support, as well as the unavailability of stadiums in some clubs, may negatively affect the players' performance.
EFFECT OF SPECIAL EXERCISES ON DEVELOPING SOME PHYSICAL ABILITIES, INDICATORS, AND BIOCHEMICALS IN YOUNG BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The researchers aimed to prepare special exercises to develop some physical and biochemical abilities in young basketball players and to identify the effect of special exercises to develop some physical and biochemical abilities in young basketball players, the researchers used the experimental method to suit the nature of the study. The research community was determined from the young players of the Popular Mobilization Club in basketball, as the total research community reached (25) players for the sports season (2024 – 2025), as for the research sample that was chosen from the research community, it amounted to (20) players, and (20) players were chosen from among them to represent the research sample: (10) players for the experimental group and (10) players for the control group, the training curriculum also continued and was applied to the study sample for a period of (6 weeks), with three training units per week. The researchers used appropriate statistical methods through the Statistical Bag Program (SPSS), in the third chapter, the researchers presented, analyzed and discussed the results using their own tables. As for the most important conclusions, the results showed a clear development in physical abilities after applying special exercises to the members of the experimental group sample, the results showed that special exercises contributed to the development of the biochemical indicators under investigation, there is a significant difference between the pre- and post-test in physical ability tests and biochemical indicators in the experimental and control research sample. As for the recommendations, it is necessary to adopt special exercises as an essential part of training programs for athletes in various games, diversify special exercises to suit the nature of sports activity and the age group of players. Expanding studies in the future to include the psychological, physical and physiological aspects.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE EFFECT OF SMALL GAMES ON IMPROVING SOME MOTOR ABILITIES AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL GIRLS AGED (9–10) YEARS
The aim of the study was to design a program based on small games for primary school girls aged (9– 10) years, and to identify the effect of this program on developing some motor abilities among this age group. The research population was intentionally selected from third-grade primary school girls aged (9–10) years, totaling (30) pupils. The research sample was chosen randomly by lottery from the research population and consisted of (15) pupils from the same stage
THE EFFECT OF MULTI-STATION INTERACTIVE TRAINING ON TRANSITION SPEED AND DRIBBLING IN YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS
This study identifies the effect of multi-station interactive training on developing transitional speed and dribbling skills among young football players. The study employed an experimental design with two groups (experimental and control). This approach allows for direct measurement of the training program's impact and comparison of performance between the two groups, while controlling for external factors that might influence the results. The population of the study was purposively selected to include all young football players in Diyala Governorate for the 2023 football season, totaling 176 players. The research sample consisted of 22 players from the Jadida Al-Shatt Club. The experimental group was randomly selected by lottery, comprising 10 players, while the control group also consisted of 10 players, selected using the same method. With the exclusion of (2) goalkeepers for statistical purposes to ensure consistency of technical performance in the tests, and to ensure the validity of the exercises and tests, the pilot study was conducted on (5) players from outside the research sample. This was to assess the suitability of the training, the clarity of the instructions, and to determine the time of each exercise in accordance with the level of the players. The results led to the most important conclusion that interactive multi-station training is an effective way to improve the physical and technical aspects of young players. The most important recommendations were: It is recommended that similar training programs be included in the plans for preparing young players in sports clubs.
A PROPOSED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM BASED ON THE PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATE.GY FOR TEACHING BASIC VOLLEYBALL SKILLS TO INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL STUDENTS
The present study aims to identify the effect of the problem-solving strategy on learning the accuracy of serving, spiking, and blocking in volleyball. The researcher adopted the experimental method, and the study sample consisted of 40 male students in the first semester of the academic year 2023–2024. The sample was equally divided into two groups: an experimental group taught according to the problem-solving model, and a control group taught using the traditional model. The results of the study indicate that both the experimental and control groups showed improvement in learning the targeted skills, but to varying degrees. The experimental group outperformed the control group as a result of using the problem-solving strategy, in comparison with the control group, which relied on the traditional method (demonstration). Accordingly, it is recommended that further research and studies be conducted to examine the impact of the problem-solving strategy on developing skill-related aspects in games and other sport fields. It is also suggested to investigate the effect of this strategy on discovering and developing students' creative abilities while learning various skills.
THE EFFECT OF A SPORTS COUNSELING PROGRAM ON IMPROVING THE LEVEL OF AMBITION AMONG PARALYMPIC ATHLETES IN ANBAR GOVERNORATE
Research Objective: The study aimed to design and implement a sports counseling program and identify its effect on improving the level of ambition among Paralympic athletes in Anbar Governorate, in response to the observed decline in psychological and motivational aspects among this category. Methodology: The researchers adopted the experimental method with a design of two equivalent groups (control and experimental) due to its suitability for the nature of the research. Sample: The main application sample consisted of (60) athletes selected using the total enumeration method. They were randomly divided into two equal groups of (30) athletes each. Procedure: The Ambition Scale was applied, and the experimental group underwent a counseling program consisting of (12) qualitative sessions distributed over six weeks, focusing on self-discovery and goal setting. Results: Statistical results showed a significant superiority for the experimental group, where the arithmetic mean of the level of ambition rose from (58) in the pre-test to (72) in the post-test, with a calculated (t) value of (11.71), which is significant at the (0.05) level. In contrast, the control group did not record substantial development (post-test mean: 64). Conclusion: The study concluded the effectiveness of the program in raising the ceiling of the athletes' ambitions and enhancing confidence in their abilities, recommending the necessity of integrating psychological counseling into training units for teams with special needs
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING SOME MODERN METHODS IN LEARNING BASIC SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL AND ITS IMPACT ON REDUCING STANDING AWKWARDNESS AMONG STUDENTS OF PREPARATORY SPORTS TEAMS
The Effectiveness of Teaching the Method of Self-Examination in Learning Some Basic Skills of Volleyball among Students of Sports Teams for the Preparatory Stage The difference between the self-examination method and the command method in learning some basic volleyball skills among the students of the sports teams of the preparatory stage.
THE EFFECT OF WEIGHTED TRAINING AND HIGHINTENSITY EFFORT ON SELECTED SPECIFIC PHYSICAL ABILITIES AND PULMONARY EFFICIENCY (CPET) AMONG YOUTH BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Training with relative weights serves different important purposes which can be utilized by researchers in improving various components of sport-specific physical preparation. The main target objectives of training programs for practitioners in the sports field are the sustenance of optimum physical and technical performance in critical game situations and athletes’ preparedness who can cope with the physical, technical, and physiological demands of each sport. From this concept, the researcher carried out this experiment to determine the effect of weighted training and high-intensity exercises on selected specific physical abilities and pulmonary efficiency (CPET) for basketball players.
DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF AN ELECTRONIC TEST TO MEASURE MOTOR RESPONSE, SPEED, AND ACCELERATION IN THE SPIKE FOR BACK-ROW VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Based on the researcher's work in the sports field and specifically in volleyball testing, it was observed that the devices used for volleyball assessments do not measure the specific capacities required by back-row players—such as motor response, speed, and acceleration—using a single device without relying on highspeed cameras and motion analysis. Therefore, this study aimed to design an electronic device to measure motor response, acceleration, and speed during the performance of the spike skill among volleyball players. To properly address the research problem, the descriptive approach was used, which was deemed the most suitable methodology for this study. The research sample was selected from students of The College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, comprising 100 fourth-year students. The researcher developed an electronic device capable of measuring all the investigated capacities, established its scientific foundations, standardized it, and derived its normative criteria.
OBSTACLES FACING THE TRAINING PROFESSION IN ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF COACHES
This study aims to identify the most significant obstacles facing the artistic gymnastics training profession from the perspective of coaches in Al-Anbar Governorate. Utilizing a descriptive survey methodology, the research was conducted on a purposive sample of (30) coaches during the 2025/2026 season. A questionnaire was employed to assess four primary axes: administrative and organizational obstacles, resources and equipment, coach-related factors, and obstacles regarding players and the social environment. The statistical analysis revealed significant constraints across all axes, most notably poor administrative planning, scarcity of modern equipment and training halls, and a lack of specialized development courses for coaches. Furthermore, the study identified that academic pressures on players and insufficient financial incentives significantly hinder the training process. The research concludes that these administrative and technical barriers impede athletic development and recommends the necessity of organizing scientific qualification courses for coaches, improving infrastructure, and enhancing administrative support to elevate the standard of artistic gymnastics.
THE USE OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN THE FIELD OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS
In all levels of the existing sports education system in Uzbekistan, as well as in sports clubs and privately operated sports facilities, ensuring the disinfection of air and equipment surfaces through the use of ultraviolet radiation, creating a hygienic and healthy environment free from microbes and infections for participants with minimal labor input, preventing the spread of infectious diseases, and educating young people to comply with general and personal hygiene rules are among the most pressing issues of today. To address these challenges, the technology titled “The Use of Ultraviolet Radiation in the Field of Physical Education and Sports” has been developed.